ASTAP, the Astrometric STAcking Program    ASTAP Forum        Documentation     Version history   Checklist for solving   
             astrometric (plate) solver, stacking of images, photometry and FITS viewer

NEWS:  

Download installers:

Operating systemProgram installerVery large STAR database installer
Large STAR database installerSmaller STAR database installerPhotometry & colour STAR database installerWide field STAR database installerLarge GALAXY database installerVARIABLE star database installer
Window 64 bitProgram (v2024.12.19) or development versionD80D50D20 or
D05
V05 or
V50
G05 or
W08
Hyperleda.exe
(5 million galaxies)
Variable stars
(v2024.07.06)
Window 32 bitProgram zipped 
Windows 11, 64 bit arm processorSee development version for command line version
Linux 64 bitProgram debian (v2024.12.19),
Program .tar.gz
Program qt5.tar.gz  compiled for QT5 widget
openSUSE and Fedora support
development version
Also available at "Debian unstable"
Program debian for older Linux versions (v2024.12.19)
D80D50

(Linux, D50 file read permission near celestial north pole was fixed on 2023-11-27)
D20 or
D05
V05 or
V50
G05 or
W08
hyperleda.deb
or
hyperleda.zip
(5 million galaxies)

Variable stars
(v2024.07.06)
Linux 32 bitProgram debian (v2024.12.19)
Raspberry PI, 32 bitProgram (v2024.12.19)
Raspberry PI, 64 bitProgram debian (v2024.12.19)
Program .tar.gz
Program qt5 .tar.gz   compiled for QT5 widget
MacOS 64 bit for intel processorsProgram (v2024.12.19)D80D50

To remove old database files, press in finder Command+Shift+G and go to  /usr/local/opt/astap  and select the old files and move them to Bin.
D20 or
D05

(D20 was fixed on 2023-6-21. Some files where missing in the Mac D20 database. Please update)
V05 or
V50
G05 or
W08
hyperleda.pkg
(5 million galaxies update. The 2.1 million object version is included with the star database
Variable stars
MacOS 64 bit for Apple silicon processors (M-types)Program (v2024.12.19) code signing required! See instructions at this link (bottom)!! Significant faster.

You have to install:
1) Program
2) One of the star databases. 

You will need only one database. Is your field of view 0.6 degree or larger you can download either the D05 or D20 or D50 or D80. The D05 is the smallest. The D80 is the largest. Using the D80 has no drawback accept it is larger, about 1.25 gbyte.  The H17,  H18, V17 G17, G18 can be uninstalled/deleted. 

Star databases usability:


Instead of a magnitude limit the new databases have a density limit.  These databases have been sorted on star density up 500, 2000, 5000 or 8000 stars per square degree. This should guarantee that in star-poor-areas there will be sufficient faint stars in the database for navigation (solving). In star-rich areas only a limited amount of bright stars is included keeping the star database size moderate. If required these databases will go as deep as magnitude 21.

This will be beneficial for setups with a small field-of view. There should be always enough database stars available for navigation. 

The V50 photometry database has like the D50 a 5000 stars per square degree density except the magnitude is the calculated Johnson-V and it also contains the Gaia Bp-Rp magnitude difference. The V05 photometry database is like the G05 except the magnitude is the calculated Johnson-V and it also contains the Gaia Bp-Rp magnitude difference.


For comment feedback and questions there is the ASTAP Forum. The ASTAP Manual is below

For photometry you could download and install the V50 star database. It contains the calculated Johnson-V magnitude and colour information (GBp-GRp) for star annotations. This one also works best for solving an image with a FOV of more then ten degrees

Hyperleda, a very large galaxy database for deep sky annotation. 2.190.000 objects. Based on extract from leda.univ-lyon1.fr/  Will be placed in the program directory.


Alternative links & development version:
Operating systemProgram development versionAlternative star database links
Fits image compression & decompression programs from Nasa HEASARC.  Only required if you have files with the .fz  extension.Barebone command-line solver compatible with the GUI version if renamed. No pop-up notifier. Will not accept raw files and will not work with SharpCap since FOV is not stored.
Window 64 bitASTAP_installer_(v2024.12.19),
ASTAP executable only
D80 zipped,
D50 installer,
V50 zipped,
D20 installer,
D05 installer,
G05 zipped,
W08 zipped,
H18 installer, (obsolete)
H18 zipped, (obsolete)                          
Fpack & Funpack astap_cli (v2024.09.17
Window 32 bitASTAP_installer_(v2024.12.19)astap_cli (v2024.09.17)
Window11 arm64astap_cli (v2024.05.01)   On Windows arm 375% faster. Can be renamed from astap_cli.exe to astap.exe
Linux 64 bitASTAP_debian_package_(v2024.12.19), 
ASTAP tar.gz
D80 zipped,
D50 installer,
V50 zipped,
D20 installer,
D05 installer,
G05 zipped,
W08 zipped,
H18 installer (obsolete)
H18 zipped, (obsolete)

H18 debian(obsolete)
H18 zipped (Obsolete) for manual install at /opt/astap
V17 zipped (obsolete),
install from distributionastap_cli  (v2024.05.01)
Linux 32 bitASTAP_debian_package_(v2024.12.19)
Raspberry PI, 32 bitASTAP_debian_package_(v2024.12.19)astap_cli  (v2024.05.01)
Raspberry PI, 64 bitASTAP_debian_package_(v2024.12.19)astap_cli  (v2024.05.01)
MacOS 64 bitastap_mac_X86_64.zip (v2024.12.19)
Executable only. Move the executable in the application at /Contents/MacOS
DD80 zipped,
D50 installer,
V50 zipped,
D20 installer,
D05 installer,
G05 zipped,
W08 zipped,
H18 installer, (obsolete)
H18 zipped, (obsolete) 


astap_cli (v2024.05.01)
MacOS M1astap_mac_M1.zip (v2024.12.19)
Executable only. Move the executable in the application at /Contents/MacOS
astap_cli (v2024.05.01) code signing required!
Android arm 64 bitUse a star database from above.astap_cli (v2024.05.01) zipped.
Included in this third party app OpenLiveStacker
Android arm 32 bitastap_cli (v2024.05.01) zipped.
Included in this third party app OpenLiveStacker
Android X86_64astap_cli (v2024.05.01) zipped. No GUI application available.
Android X86astap_cli (v2024.05.01) zipped. No GUI application available.
iOSUse a star database from aboveastap_cli (v2024.01.25) zipped. Untested. No GUI application available.


  Donations are welcome:


  Documentation

Contents:




ASTAP introduction

ASTAP is a free stacking and astrometric solver (plate solver) program for deep sky images. In works with astronomical images in the FITS format, but can import RAW DSLR images or XISF, PGM, PPM, TIF, PNG and JPG  images. It has a powerful FITS viewer and the native astrometric solver can be used  by CCDCiel, NINA, APT, Voyager or SGP imaging programs to synchronise the mount based on an image taken.

Main features:
  1. Native astrometric solver, command line compatible with PlateSolve2.
  2. Stacking astronomical images including dark frame and flat field correction. 
    • Filtering of deep sky images based on HFD value and average value.
    • Alignment using an internal star match routine,  internal astrometric solver.
    • Mosaic building covering large areas using the astrometric linear solution WCS or WCS+SIP polynomial. 
    • Background equalizing.
  3. FITS viewer with swipe functionality, deep sky and star annotation, photometry and CCD inspector.
    • FITS thumbnail viewer.
    • Results can be saved to 16 bit or float (-32) FITS files.
    • Export to  JPEG, PNG, TIFF( ASTRO-TIFF), PFM, PPM, PGM  files.
    • FITS header edit.
    • FITS crop function.
    • Automatic photometry calibration against Gaia database, Johnson -V or Gaia Bm
    • CCD inspector
    • Deepsky and Hyperleda annotation
    • Solar object annotation using MPC ephemerides
    • Read/writes FITS binary and reads ASCII tables.
  4. Some pixel math functions and digital development process
  5. Can display images and tables from a multi-extension FITS.
  6. Blink tab.
  7. Track and Stack function
  8. Photometry tab
  9. Inspector tab for measuring curvature.
  10. Mount analyse tab.
  11. Live stacking tab.
  12. Available for MS-Windows 32 & 64 bit,  Linux 32, 64 bit, MacOS 64 bit, Raspberry-Pi Linux 32 and 64 bit.

Stacking of images:

Stacking of astronomical images is done to achieve a greater signal to noise ratio, prevent sensor saturation and correct the images for dark current and flat field. Additional imperfect images due to guiding, focus  problems or clouds can be removed.

This is a screen short of the stack menu. It contains several tabs for the file list and settings. File can be sorted on quality and values.The image can be visually inspected in the viewer by a double click on the file or using the pop-up menu.



Program requires FITS images or RAW files as input for stacking, but it can also view 16 bit PGM /PPM files, XISF files or  in 8 bit  PNG, TIFF or BMP files. For importing DSLR raw images  the program DCRAW from David Coffin or LibRaw is used.
For stacking the internal routine compares the image star positions to align.


Astrometric Solving:

ASTAP can be used as astrometric solver to synchronise the telescope mount position with center position of an image taken with the telescope. Existing images can be solved to annotate, for photometry or the measure positions of unknown objects.

The ASTAP solver aims at a robust star pattern recognition using the catalog star coordinates in Equinox J2000. The solution is not corrected for optical distortion, refraction, proper  motion  of  stars and other minor effects all to be very minor.

The process astrometric solving is often referred to as a "plate solve". That was a correct description in the past, but in modern times there are no photographic plates involved in the process.



Back to index

Program installation:

MS-Windows:


The installer and separate star database will be default installed at c:\Program Files\astap.  But they can be placed anywhere as long all files are in the same directory.

Note that for Windows ASTAP is seen as an unknown publisher.  For Win10 you have to click trough the following screens.

Click on astap_setup.exe to install
.



Click op "More info"




Click op "Run anyway"

Click op Yes.


Do the same for the database installer.



Linux installation:

The program and database are provided as a Debian package and will be installed in  /opt/astap. The program is also as an rpm package available.  In case the executable is manually placed in /usr/..., then the program will first look for the databases in /opt/astap. If that path doesn't exist it will look for the databases in /usr/share/astap/data/

MacOS installation:

The program and star databases are are provide as pkg file. Download and right click on the astap.pkg and select install. Same for the star database file.

On Sequoia 15.1, you can no longer right click on the package and override MacOS complaining about it being from an unknown developer. You'll need to go into System Settings->Privacy & Security and scroll to the bottom and select astap.pkg to allow installation

Notes:
The star database will be installed at /usr/local/opt/astap/




Program operation, stacking astronomical images:

The purpose of the stacking routine is to combine astronomical images to reduced noise and to flatten the image.

 Ideally you should have collected

Only light frames are essential.

The automatic stacking process in ASTAP goes through the following steps:

  1. The flats will be combined to an average and the combined average flat-darks will be subtracted to  have a near ideal presentation of the vignetting called the master flat frame.
  2. The darks will be combined to an average master dark.
  3. From each light frame the master dark will be subtracted to extract the pure deep sky signal.
  4. Each light frame will be flattened by dividing it by the master-flat resulting in the corrected light frames.
  5. The corrected light frames are combined to the final image using the average or sigma clip mean (to remove outliers as satellite tracks) method. 
Steps 3,4,5 are done in memory. No intermediate results are stored on disk.

It is possible to mix different exposure times but it is not recommended for the frames of one colour. The reason is that sigma clipping of pixel value outliers could work less efficient for frames with different exposure times. The frames will be combined with a weight factor relative to the exposure time but the image noise will  not be fully linear with the exposure time. E.g. the read noise is fixed. Once the individual colours are combined then the exposure times are no longer relevant.

So you could expose all red frames for 60 seconds and all green frames with 120 seconds and combine them. But combining red frames of 60 and 120 seconds is less desirable.


Operation of the stacking program

Start the ASTAP program.

Call up the stack menu window using the  ∑   button.

a) Select frames
In tab images select the lights. In tab dark select the corresponding darks.  Select in tab flats the flat-field images called flats and in tab flats-darks the flat-darks/bias frames. In most cases you could select all frames in tab images. The program will move the fames to the corresponding tab during analyse. The light and dark should preferable have the same exposure time and temperature. The flats should have the same exposure time and temperature as the flat-darks.

b) Analyse and remove bad frames
I
n tab images (for the light frames), press analyse and remove manually any poor image. Poor images can be detected by a too high HFD (Half flux diamater stars), low number of stars or high background value( by clouds) . Loss of tracking could result in too low HFD value. If required inspect each image by double on the file name. The list can be sorted by clicking on the corresponding columns. Using the pop-up menu selected bad frames can be renamed to *.bak for deletion later.

c) Set parameters in tab stack method
In tab stack method select the stacking method, average or sigma-clip-average. For OSC camera images  select "Convert OSC images to colour". Select the correct Bayer pattern (4 options). Test the required pattern first in the viewer with a single image. The source images should be raw (gray)  without colour produced by  astronomical camera's.

d) Set parameters in tab alignment
Leave this to the default star alignment.

e) Classify by
Leave all check marks initially unchecked. (This is an option to select automatically a master dark with the correct temperature and exposure time for the lights. Same for  master flat selection  based on filter used both in the light and flat.)

f) Press the  Stack (..) button.
The darks and flats & flat-darks will be combined in a master dark and master flat frame. Then the program will combine the light frames to the final image and save it automatically to FITS. This will take some time.

g) Export
The stack result will be saved as FITS. The program keep a record of all results in tab Results. Stretch the image as required.  Crop the sides if required using the pop-up menu. Equalise the back ground if required using the tool in tab pixel math. Export as stretched JPG or 16 bit bit stretched/unstretched  PNG / TIFF.  The stretched export follows the gamma and stretch setting of the display.  For further image processing you could export to 32 bit float TIFF or 32 bit float PFM format.

ASTAP export types:





File formats ASTAP8 bit 16 bit32 bit (float)
ImportFITS, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, XISF (uncompressed)FITS, PNG, TIFF (ASTRO-TIFF), PPM, PGM, raw formats, XISF (uncompressed)FITS, PFM,XISF (uncompressed)
ExportFITS, JPEG, PNG, TIFFFITS, PNG, TIFF (ASTRO-TIFF),  PPM, PGMFITS, TIFF (ASTRO-TIFF), PFM



  


All the program settings and file selections will be save by leaving the program or click on the  Stack check marked images   button.

Back to index


The stack menu:




For a generic description how to stack see Program operation, stacking astronomical images

Lights tab

Browse button: Images, darks, flats can be added using the Browse button or can be drag dropped on the form. 

Analyse and organise button: Images placed in the first tab will be organised based on the FITS header keyword IMAGETYP. So as soon you click on the image  Analyse and organise button, dark and flats and flat darks/bias images will be moved to the corresponding tab. If the button is pressed also the images are analysed for HFD, background and other details.

For LRGB stacking if a question mark in column "Filter" is displayed then filter name in the "Stack method tab" should made the same as in the flat header behind the keyword FILTER. 

Check-mark the frames. Only check-marked frames are stacked. Light files names containing "_stacked" will be un-checked by default to prevent stacks by accident are re-used. If required, just select the file and check-mark it again.

Sorting: Images can be sorted on any of the columns. For example if you click on HFD, the images will be sorted on HFD. You could then remove the images with the highest value or inspect them by double click on the file name.

Classify by:
  1. Light filter classification: If classify by light filter is check marked then the stack routine will combine the available filters to a RGB image. If only Red + Green +Blue image are available they will be combined in a RGB image. If Luminance images are available it will first stack the RGB colors and then apply a most-common-filter and Gaussian blur on the RGB result. Finally the luminance image is coloured with the RGB result. The filter factor should be set typically near 20. The filter names can be set in tab alignment
  2. Dark classification: The dark tab can contains multiple master darks. To select automatically the best compatible master set the check-mark for exposure and or temperature.  If set the master dark with compatible exposure duration and or temperature is automatic selected. If more then one compatible dark is found then the dark with nearest date is selected. Master darks with incompatible dimensions are ignored. 
  3. Flat filter classification: The flat tab can contains multiple master flat made with different filters. To select automatically the best compatible flat set the check-mark for classify flat on filter. Master flats with incompatible dimensions are ignored. 
  4. Object classification: Several image series of different objects can be stacked in one run. If the classify-by-object is check-marked, the program will stacked in groups based on the OBJECT header keyword value.
Classification-during-stackingObjectFilters equal?Dates equal?Exposures equal?Gains equal?Temperatures equal?
Lightuse nearest
Dark
Flatwarning  (results-tab)warning  (results-tab)warning  (results-tab)
Flat-dark

Keyword modification: The pop-up menu has option to update a keyword of multiple files if required. If the keyword DATE-OBS is typed then the program will request a time shift in hours. This could be used to correct a recorded time of observation. The old DATE-OBS is stored be behind a new keyword for recovery but that should no be necessary.


Lights tab, How to exclude poor images

Before stacking the images can be analysed with the  Analyse and organise images  button. Images can be sorted on any of the columns like 1) HFD value, 2) Quality, 3) Star detections or 4) background value. For example if you click on HFD, the images will be sorted on HFD. You could then remove the images with the highest value from the list or inspect them by double click on the file name. The poor quality images can be renamed to *.bak in bulk by the pop-up menu to be removed/deleted later. The renaming to *.bak can be undone by pressing CTRL+Z or META+Z for the Mac.

 
To uncheck/untick poor images can als be done automatically. First check mark the option "After analyse untick worst images". Then press button  Analyse and organise images . The column quality of the images will be analysed statistacally and outliers can be removed using either a  standard deviation  represented by the Greek lower case sigma σ letter or a percentage. 

For a normal distribution you could expect the following:

Confidence intervalProportion within
1σ68%
1.5σ87%
2σ95 %
2.5σ98.8%
3σ99.7%

Lights tab, satellite tracks

The stack method "sigma clip average" should normally remove any satellite tracks. If after stacking with "sigma clip average" there are still satellite tracks visible, you could lower in tab "Stack Method". the sigma factor from 2.5 to a lower value maybe 2 or even 1.5 . An other way is the blink/scroll  through the images with the   >>   button. As soon you see an abnormal bright track on the image stop the blinking by esc and inspect visually the image(s)  involved by double click on the row. Remove any poor image by using right mouse button pop-up menu "rename to *.bak"

If the      option is used then additionally the number of detected satellite streaks will reported in a column. Frames with very bright tracks could be removed



Configurable column


The last column in tab lights can report any image header value. To configure set in the pop-up menu the header keyword to read. This configurable option can be used to report e.g the measured SQM, TILT as written by the batch processing menu of the viewer. 


Darks tab:




Browse button: use this button to add  frames to the list. Frames can also be drag dropped on the form.

Replace check-marked by one or more master darks: This will replace the individual check-marked frames by a single master dark. The existing master darks will not be effected.

Classify during creation
If the list contains frames with different exposure durations and the option "classify on" exposure time is check-marked then for each exposure duration a different master dark will be created. Same applies for gain and temperature. If not classify check- marks are set then all loaded individual dark frames will be combined in one master dark and values are averaged.
To automate making a master flat for each observation night you could  use the Classify by date for master creation check mark at the top of the tab. This will create master flats for each exposure night from the frame loaded.

Dark-classification-during-master-creationfilterdateexposuregaintemperature
Dark

Classify during stacking
The intention is to keep all master darks here loaded and check-marked. Master dark selection on light exposure, gain and temperature can be fully  automatic by setting the "classify on" check-marks. If  two master darks only differ in date then the frame with the date closest to the light will be selected. Closest date selection is intended for DSLR users without sensor temperature control. It is not required for users with temperature controlled cameras where it assumed dark frame do not change in time. 

Classification-during-stackingObjectFilters equal?Dates equal?Exposures equal?Gains equal?Temperatures equal?
Lightuse nearest
Dark
Flatwarning (results-tab)warning (results-tab)warning (result-tab)
Flat-dark

Compatibility column.
This column indicates why the selected darks are not compatible with the light frames. Compatibility issues can be frame width,  frame height, sensor gain, sensor temperature, exposure duration. All can be overridden by classify check-mark except for frame width and frame height.


Back to index

Flats tab:



Browse
button: use this button to add  frames to the list. Frames can also be drag dropped on the form.

Replace check-marked by master flat: This button will combine the individual check-marked frames to a single master flat using the flat-darks loaded in the flat darks tab. So the flat-dark tab should be filled with frames prior pressing this button. The existing master flats will not be effected. All individual frame will be combined in a master flat with flat-darks included. The flat-dark tab will be cleared after the operation.
 The user should only combine flat frames and flat-darks with the same gain, temperature and preferable exposure time. If the values are different then this will be recorded in the FITS header behind keyword ISSUES and later reported in the results-tab

Classify during creation
If the list contains frames made with different filters and the option "classify on" flat filter is check-marked then for each filter a different master flat will be created. 
To automate making a master flat for each observation night you could  use the Classify by date for master creation check mark at the top of the tab. This will create master flats for each exposure night from the frame loaded.  Flat-darks are not sorted on date because it is assumed they are stable. If you make several flat with different exposure duration (and different filters) you could link them to flat-darks with the same exposure using the option "classify by exposure during master creation.

Classification-during-master-creation FilterDateExposureGainTemperature
Flat
Flat-dark


Classify during stacking
The intention is to keep all master flats here loaded and check-marked. Flat selection on flat filter is automatic by setting the classify on "flat filter" check-mark. For LRGB stacking if a question mark in column "filter" is displayed then filter name in the "Stack method tab" should made the same as in the flat header behind the keyword FILTER. If  two master flats only differ in date then the frame with the date closest to the light will be selected. This to ensure that the dust particles pattern matches.

Classification-during-stackingObjectFilters equal?Dates equal?Exposures equal?Gains equal?Temperatures equal?
Lightuse nearest
Dark
Flatwarning  (results-tab)warning  (results-tab)warning  (results-tab)
Flat-dark


Calibration column
This column will indicate if the flat is calibrated with a dark-flat by the letter B (bias).  Use of bias frames are not recommend since modern sensors behaviour can change in the first exposure seconds. 

Compatibility column.  
This column indicates why the selected flats are not compatible with the light frames. Compatibility issues can be frame width,  frame height, sensor gain, sensor temperature, exposure duration. All can be overridden by classify check-mark except for frame width and frame height.


Back to index


Flat darks tab:



Browse button:  use this button to add  frames to the list. Frames can also be drag dropped on the form.

After master flat(s) are created the flat-darks tab will be cleared.



Back to index


Results tab.

The stack results are reported in the results tab. By a double click they can be viewed the viewer. The number of files and exposure times are given. With the pop-up menu it is possible to copy the image file path to the clipboard for use in a file explorer.
 

Calibration column  

This column will indicate if the stack was calibrated with a dark (D), Flat (F) and flat-dark (B).  The S stand for stacked. So ideally it indicates DFBS. Calibration stauts is stored behind keyword CALSTAT.

Issues column

Possible dark frame issues are D_temperature, D_exposure, D_gain. This indicates that the dark sensor temperature, exposure duration and sensor gain are different then the light frame values. Ideally light and dark frames should have been taken with the same sensor temperature, exposure duration and sensor gain settings.  

Possible minor flat frame issues are FD_temperature, FD_exposure, FD_gain.  This indicates that the flat-dark sensor temperature, exposure duration and sensor gain are different then the light frame values. Ideally flat and flat-dark frames should have been taken with the same sensor temperature, exposure duration and sensor gain settings.  

Issues between the darks and lights are more important due to the low light conditions for lights.

These issues are stored in the FITS header behind keyword ISSUES.

Back to index


Stack method tab


The best stack option is "Sigma clip average". For only 2 or 3 images or when you are in a hurry or for testing "average"will do.
    
Stack methodStackingDescriptionOption  σ-factor
Average StackingFor fast stacking. Satellite tracks will not be removed.
Sigma clip averageStacking, satellite tracks will be removed. Reduce the σ factor for more aggressive filtering of the satellite tracks.
Astrometric image stitching modeMosaicThis will stitch astrometric tiles. Prior to this stack the images to tiles and check for clean edges. If not use the "Crop each image function". For flat background apply artificial flat in tab pixel math 1 in advance if required.  Adapt the mosaic canvas height and width if required, default is 2.
Calibration and alignment of the files onlyDarks and flats will be applied. The images will be aligned to the reference image.
Calibration of the files onlyDarks and flats will be applied.
Average stacking, skip LRGB  combineSatellite tracks will not be removed. Stacks based on filter will not be combined to RGB.
Sigma clip average, skip LRGB combineSatellite tracks will be removed. Reduce the σ factor for more aggressive filtering of satellite tracks. Stacks based on filter will not be combined to RGB.

There are two modes of stacking:


Options:

σ factor: This is a factor used by the sigma clip average stacking method to remove outliers like satellite streaks from the stack. For the series lights the standard deviation (σ) is calculated for each pixel and any pixel which is outsider is removed. A typical value of 2 will result in skipping about 4.4% of the pixels. If satellite tracks are not removed you could reduce this factor and more of the satellite streaks will be removed. You could also use the satellite streaks filter. Note that method sigma clip average filtering works better for more images. Try to acquire at least ten images but twenty or thirty images works better.


Auto levels:  This is an option to white balance the final colour result. The stars will be average white and the background sky will be gray.

Normalise OSC flat:  This option should normally be switched off. Only if the light source used for making the flats was very reddish or blueish, you could uses this option to equalise the red, green and blue level. Binning is not recommended for flats since individual pixel sensitive differences are compensated by the flat.

Colour smooth:  This is an option to smooth the de-mosaic artifacts for all pixels above the noise level. The colours are smoothed while preserving the luminance signal. The same function is available in tab pixel math 1. 

Star colour smooth:  This is an option to smooth the de-mosaic artifacts of the brighest and medium stars. The colours are smoothed while preserving the luminance signal. The same function is available in tab pixel math 1. 


Raw conversion.  The program used to convert the RAW file to FITS. It is described here



The program settings will be saved automatically if your either exit the program or start a stack. Settings for Windows are stored at %LocalAppData%\astap\astap.cfg and for Linux at ~/.config/astap/astap.cfg


Stack method tab,  stacking grayscale images:

There are no special settings for grayscale images. Classify on "Light images" should be unchecked.



Stack method tab,  stacking raw one shot colour images (OSC):  

Classify on "Light images" should be unchecked.
RAW images of  DSLR cameras /One shot color cameras are monochrome and have to be converted into colour images (after applying darks and flats). This converson is called demosaic or debayer. First set Bayer pattern correctly by loading a raw image (grayscale) in the viewer and try one of the bayer patterns till the image colours match in viewer. If not hit CNTRL-Z to undo and try a different Bayer pattern.

There are several methods to convert (demosaic/debayer ) the raw image  to colour:
  • AstroC, colour for saturated stars, as bilinear method but for saturated stars the program tries reconstruct the star colour. Select the range which matches with the value of brightest stars.
  • AstroM, white stars, as bilinear method but if there is an unbalance between the 4 red, 4 blue or 2 green pixels it uses luminance only. Effective for unsampled images and stacks of a few images only. Star colour is lossed if undersampled but star will become white.
  • AstroSimple ©, each R,G, G, B pixel colour information is used in a 2x2 pixel range. Simple but very effective for astro images. Works best for a little oversampled images. Stars have very few artifact if any. 
  • Bilinear, a basic demosaic method using the colour information from a 3x3 pixel range.
     Creative Commons License AstroSimple is © Han Kleijn, www.hnsky.org, 2020. and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
 which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.                       
What to select:

The principle of the AstroSimple demosaic method:

The ASTAP demosaic method Simple


Stack method tab, RAW conversion of OSC images (one shot colour images): To import raw files from a digital camera, ASTAP can either use LibRaw or DCRAW for conversion. You can select it in tab "Stack method". LibRaw has some advantages since the conversion program convert directly to FITS and exposure time, date of exposure and demosaic pattern are written to the FITS header.

The are two option for LibRaw.


The default value is "LibRaw (full active area). This will extract all active sensor data (e.g. 5202 x3464 pixels) equal A+C below. If you select "LibRaw  (Cropped active area)" you get for a little less area (e.g. 5184 x 3456) equals C below.  

Note that for stacking all images, light, darks, flats, and flat-darks should be of the same dimensions!

The full area M +A+C (e.g 5360 x 3516) could be extracted using the included command-line utility unprocessed_raw using the -F option but has no purpose in ASTAP.



For stacking of  OSC images it is best to start with raw images. The raw colour images look mono, but the program will convert them to colour later in the stacking process. There are four different Bayer patterns. The demosaic pattern can be set in the tab "stack method". Try auto or empirical which will result in the correct colours. A terrestrial image could help find the correct demosaic settings. Load a raw image in the viewer and in tab "Stack method" test conversion with button "Test pattern". Try auto or the four demosaic patterns. If the colours are not correct, just hit undo button or type CTRL-Z to recover and try an other demosaic setting.

Power down option after completion:  If stacking takes a long time you could activate this option and the program will be power-down the computer after completion.

  Clear  , button to remove all files from the list.

    ||      , button to stop blinking cycle.

   ⯈       or      ⯇    , to start a continuous un-aligned blinking cycle. This is intended to find visually outlier images where guiding has briefly failed.


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Stack method tab, (L)RGB stacking:


Activating (L)RGB mode:


The filter names should match the filter names in the FITS headers. This is the case if in tab Lights the filter column is displaying red, green, blue or gray icon. If there is no match the icon will be a question  mark.



Stack method tab, Image stiching method (Mosaic)

Astrometric image stiching is possible with the internal astrometric solver. The reference of each pixel is the astronomical position. So stacking is not done against a reference image but against an position array set by the first image. If if image stitching is selected the SIP option in tab alignment will be activated. This will allow for correction of optical distortions.
 .

Here a suggested work method:
  1. Stack the tiles separately using method "SIGMA-CLIP-average" and use for the alignment the internal STAR alignment method.  Inspect the resulting tiles and crop them if required. You can also crop them later automatically with "Mosaic skip outside pixels" Do this for each color separately if you have separate files.
  2. In tab  "stack method" select option "IMAGE STICHING METHOD" and select astrometic alignment using either the internal solver.
  3. In tab "stack method" check-mark the option "equalise background".  If the input images have poor borders, set option crop images larger then 0%.
  4. Select the files. Most likely the files names contain "_stacked, so you have the check-mark the files after selection.
  5. Click on the button   Stack check marked images|  
  6. Crop the stacked result using the image crop option in the viewer mouse pop-up menu.
  7. Adjusted the stretch range and save as JPEG, 90% quality.

Possible error message:  Abort!! Too many missing tiles. Field is 11.7x1.3°. Coverage only 14.5%.
This could happens if you have by accident an image from a different series in the collection. The program tries to adapt the canvas to include the outlier but it will be too empthy.  Check the positions of the images to stitch and remove any outlier.
Here an example mosaic x 4 of M31 made with ASTAP:





Here an example of a mosaic build of DSS images:

The size can be reduced by a crop function (right mouse button) later. Making the oversize too large could result in memory overload.



If you have  DSLR/OSC sensor and using a monochrome filter like H-alpha, you can split the raw the images in seperate R, G, G, B  image using the viewer Tools, Batch processing, Raw colour seperation menu. In case of H-alpha use only the R=red image for future processing.



The alignment menu tab:

For alignment there are four options, internal star alignment,  native astrometric solver, manual alignment or ephemeris alignment. For mosaic building you have to use the internal astrometric solver.



 Internal star alignment



This internal star matching alignment is the best and fastest option to stack images. It is not suitable for mosaics. No settings, fully automatics alignment for shift in x, y, flipped or any rotation using the stars in the image. It will work for images of different size/camera's with some limitations.

The program combines four close star detections into an irregular 2D tetrahedron or kite like figure (and compares the six irregular tetrahedron dimensions with irregular tetrahedrons of the first/reference image. It selects at least the three best matches and uses the centre position of the irregular tetrahedrons in a least square fitting routine for alignment.  The four star detections are called a quad. The six geometric distances are used to construct a hash code.

There is only three settings relevant but normally you don't have to change them.

The following image shows the selected quads. The six geometric distances between the four star detections form an irregular tetrahedron and will be used as a hash code:


The matching process is described here Background info, how does the ASTAP astrometric solving works internally


Alignment tab, astrometric alignment.




Internal astrometric solver (plate solver). This works with the same four star quad detection as for the Star alignment option. The found quads are compared with the star database (to be installed in the program directory). In most cases the star alignment is prefered above the astrometric alignment.

It has the following settings both applicable for the astrometric solving and astrometric alignment:


Tab astrometric alignment and solver settings:



The internal plate solver works best with raw unstretched and sharp images of sufficient resolution where stars can be very faint. Exposures 5 to 300 seconds. Heavily stretched or photo shopped images are problematic. 

For those are interested:  Background info, how does the ASTAP astrometric solving works internally



Alignment tab, manual alignment.

Manual alignment

This option allows alignment of the images based on a single star, asteroid or comet. If this option is activated, the list of images in the image tab turns red. Double click on each image in the list and click on the star/comet of asteroid to be used as reference. This object is then marked with a little purple circle. The position will be auto centered. (and the X,Y position will be added to the list) A poor lock is indicated by a square. If so try again till it is a circle. If all images in the list are turned green, so contain a value, then click on the   Stack button  .

Options:
  • Star centering
  • Comet centering
  • No alignment


For objects which are moving in the sky, select the stack option "average" and not option "sigma clip".

For manual alignment there is a option in the pop-up menu of tab light to select the next alignment stars automatically:





Alignment tab, ephemeris alignment

Rather then manual selecting the reference point it is also possible to use the ephemeris of an asteroid or comet. To align by ephemerides go through the follow steps:

Preperation:   
Stacking:

Only the solar object selected will be sharp. The stars will form trails. There is an experimental stack method to have them both sharp but it will use only the stars of one image.



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Blink tab

This tab allows to blink images to show movement and to export to video

With the blink pop-up menu it is also possible to "track and stack" selected images aligned on a specific solar object for a better signal to noise ratio. The object velocity so movement is neutralised by the stacking algorithm. In the final image positions and accurate date and time of these objects can be retrieved from the stacked image using the viewer pop-up menu  "Mpc1992 report line".

Button functionality:

Blink comparator. This option allows rapidly cycle (blinking) through the images taken of the same area of the sky at different times. This will allow the user to spot easier moving objects.  While blinking the result can be demosaiced (slow) if the "auto demosaic" option in the viewer is activated.

     ||     , button stops the blink cycle.  

    ⯈|    , button starts one blink cycle.

    ⯈     , starts a continuous blink cycle.

    ⯇     , continuous blinking backwards.

☑ Align images. With this option check-marked,the images will be aligned using star alignment.  The alignment will be refreshed after pressing "clear alignment"

☑ Time stamp. With this option a time stamp from the header will be written to the bottom of the image. If the displayed image is saved as FITS, this time stamp will be written to the saved image. 

  Clear, button to remove all files from the list.

Export video   This button will export the blink result to an uncompressed .y4m video file (YUV4MPEG2). For OSC images, activate in the viewer  the "auto demosaic" option. The menu will ask for a video file name and desired frame rates per seconds. Contrast will be as set in viewer. Compression can be achieved in an external program like VLC or leave it to YouTube.  If time-stamp is check marked then the time stamp will be written to the video.

Export aligned This button allow the creation of aligned FITS images. If  blinking with alignment works well, stop blinking and hit this button  All images will be copied aligned to new files ending _aligned.fit. Alignment will be done against the first image in the list after alphabetic sorting. If time-stamp is check marked then the time stamp will be written to the aligned images. 

To select a different reference image for alignment do the following,   Analyse  ,     Clear alignment ,  click on the image to be reference to give it a blue marking, then click on      ⯈    

  (Re)annotate (&solve) ,  This reannotate the images with e.g. the minor planets and comets. Use this if the annotation is wrong due to a old MPC file.

Track and Stack function

This pop-up menu of the blink tab allows to track and stack all annotated minor planets and comets in separate stack image of 299x299 pixels for easy identification. The Track and Stack will improve the signal to noise ratio since all flux will be concentrated at one spot..  The minor planet will be stacked to a single position and the star will form streaks. This goes fully automatic based on the MPC database.  The number of minor planet annotations is set in the viewer menu " asteroid and comet annotation" shortcut ctrl+R. 

Track and Stack will work for OSC/DSLR images (v2024.03.08) It will produce stacks in colour. If you apply the bin 2x2 button prior to track and stack then the result will be a mono stack. This mono stack could be a little more astrometric correct.

"Track and stack" demonstration on Youtube

Usage:

  1. Load the images in the tab blink.
  2. Display one image and check the asteroid and comet annotation (ctrl+R). Set in this menu the limiting number of minor planets and or limiting magnitudes correctly to show only minor planets within reach of your telescope and camera. If your MPCORB database is to new (+100 days) or to old (-100 days) all the annotations will end with the remark "⚠obsolete".
  3. Select the group of images you want to track-and-stack and release the right mouse button to get the pop-up menu and select "Track and Stack all selected files for all annotations.  Assume 10 minor planets are annotated due to the settting in the viewer asteroid and comet annotation menu (shortcut ctrl+R) Then all images will be solved, annotated and stacked in ten seperate images. For each minor planet one dedicated tracked stack will be created using the calculated velocity of that minor planet. So the minor planet will be star like shape independed of the movement and the stars will form streaks. The new stacks will be added in the list before the selected files. Faint minor planets will stay invisible but for some thay will get enough signal to noise ratio to be visible in the stacked image.
  4. Double click on one of the ten stacks, move the mouse pointer to the minor planet of interest and select the viewer pop-up menu, "MPC1992 report line". 
  5. Optional, you could paste the report line to the MPC checker page for confirmation.
Note the alignment is based on the annotation. If the annotation are wrong use (due to a old MPC file) use the   (Re)annotate (&solve) button to refresh.
A normal stack compared with Track and Stack. For the 60 x 120 seconds stack the minor planets are vague streaks. The obsolete remark indicates the MPCORB database is obsolete. That why the minor planets are out of the center of the annotation:

It is database driven and the maximum magnitude and number of objects can be set. For this go to the viewer menu asteroid and comet annotation (shortcut ctrl+R) and set the maximum number of object MPC object to process and or the limiting magnitude.

Note that the MPC is typically only interested in observations of objects fainter then magnitude 21.  You can check if observations are required on this MPC checker page.   To observe objects fainter then magnitude 21 you will need a very dark sky and a "fast" imaging system. There will be only a few hobbyist who have such a setup and location.

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Photometry tab

This tab allows aperture photometry of one object (Var), a check star and one additional star (3) in a series of images. The buttons work the same as in the blink tab. It also detects automatically the four most variable objects.

For a positional and photometric report of all stars in the image see the viewer pop-up menu Star info to clipboard.

There are  two method for generating a photometric rappport:

1) Manually.  By placing manually a marker on the Var and Check star. See below

2) Automatic, by setting the check mark the option "measure all annotations".

For a manual photometric measurement do the following:

1) Load the lights in the photometry tab.  Assure that a master dark and a master light are available in the respective tabs. Or load new darks, new flat and new flat-darks in the respective tabs.
2) Calibrate the lights by selecting all files (ctrl+A) and select in the pop-up menu calibrate.
3) Extract the green channel if you have raw, OSC (DSLR) images. Select all files in the photometry tab and with the pop-up menu select "Extract green channel". Images will be converted to new images with filename ending "_cal_TG.fit". 
4) Click on      ⯈|      or        ⯈      button to cycle trough the images  The program will do the following:
Cycle 1, Find an astrometric solution for all selected images and write the solution to the FITS file header.
Cycle 2. In a second cycle, the program will identify stars in the image and measure the star flux against the V50 star database. The mean flux/magnitude factor excluding outliers will be used later to measure the magnitude of any object in the image series. So prior to this install and select the V50,  Johnson-V version of the star Gaia database provided. Or use the online database At the end of cycle 2, it will mark the four most variable stars with a yellow circle.
Click on up to three stars. Violet circles labeled Var, Check and 3 will mark the stars. If you click twice on a stars the labels will rotate between the stars. The measured magnitudes of each image will be written to the file list. This complete list can be exported to a spreadsheet using the pop-up menu allowing the creation a magnitude curve over time.
5)  With   AAVSO report   button an extended report can be generated. As comparison star always the Gaia stars are used, so select in ASTAP only the V50 database. You have to enter the designation of the Variable and Check star. The report format is according the AAVSO Extended file format or BAA style .  The sizable also shows a magnitude curve.  he curve area has a pop-up menu to save it to file or copy it to the clipboard.

Notes:
A) Define Bayer pattern: The green sensitive pixels of a DSLR camera have a very similar response as a Johnson-V filter and can be reported as filter TG. So to use the green pixels only, it is required to extract the green sensitive pixels from the raw. The images should NOT be converted to colour by the de-mosaic routine. To allow to extract the green pixel it is required to define the correct de-mosaic pattern in ASTAP. Load a raw image in ASTAP and in tab "Stack method" check-mark temporary option "convert OSC images to colour". Set Bayer pattern to Auto or one of the other patterns and test the conversion to colour with button "Test pattern". This is best done with a terestial image to be sure. If the correct pattern is select and the colour produced are correct then unselect the option "convert OSC images to colour".

B) Star Database V50. Check if V50 star database is selected in tab "Alignment". if it is not available download the V50 and select it.

C) For maximum accuracy it is better to calibrate the images first with darks,  flats & flat darks. This can be done using  the "calibration only"option in tab "stack method" and then executing the regular stack procedure.

D) The measured star flux is compared and calibrated with the star database. For most cases you should install the V50 star database containing the Johnson-V magnitudes. After stopping the cycle it is possible to measure any object using the mouse pointer.

Note: ASTAP uses for calibration  up to 1000 stars from the Gaia database.  So all stars it can find and recognise  in the image with an  SNR>30.  So the Gaia database should be the V50 which contains the calculated Johnson-V magnitudes. The three stars are just measured against the Gaia Johnson-V database. Only two are required for the report. The you just need to select the variable star and a check star. The third star (3) is just a bonus.

From the up to 1000 calibration stars any outlier star is removed if it deviates more then 1.5 sigma from the median factor (Gaia_star_magn - log(flux). For the remaining stars the factors are averaged and used for flux calibration of the variable and check star.. So it is a different setup then usual but there is never lack of calibration stars.

Calculation:
VMAG = ( VMAGINS - CMAGINS) + CREFMAG
equals
VMAG =  VMAGINS  + (CREFMAG- CMAGINS)

For a 200 Gaia stars ensemble:
VMAG =  VMAGINS  + mean[ (CREFMAG1- CMAGINS1), (CREFMAG2- CMAGINS2), (CREFMAG2- CMAGINS2). . . . . . (CREFMAG200- CMAGINS200)]  
Prior to the mean calculation the outliers of (CREFMAGx- CMAGINSx) values are removed above 1.5 sigma. Sigma is calculated from the "median absolute deviation".

Same for the reported KMAG:
KMAG=  KMAGINS  + mean[ (CREFMAG1- CMAGINS1), (CREFMAG2- CMAGINS2), (CREFMAG2- CMAGINS2)......(CREFMAG200- CMAGINS200)]


E) Alignment of the images is done using the astrometric (plate) solution. The astrometric solution is written to the original file header. You can refresh the photometric and astrometric calibration using the dedicated buttons for this.

F) The list contains three dates:
To convert the Julian Day to a date and time in the spreadsheet, subtract the Julian Day by -2415018.5 and format as date or time.

For a series of images, the standard deviation of the measured star magnitudes is typical better then 0.02 magnitudes. The standard deviation of the Check star is used for error estimate if more then 4 images are selected. else an estimate based on the Variable SNR values is used. The star flux values should be below saturation (65500)  but reasonable high.

G) Note that it is beneficial to de-focus an image a little to prevent pixel saturation and spread the flux measurement over more pixels. It also allows longer exposure times. However the image should reasonable focused to allow solving.


Filter Passband:


Valid filter abbreviations are case independent:


If for the Gaia comp stars the option the local star database is selected only Johnson-V and Johnson-B are available.
If for the Gaia comp stars the option "Online Gaia-->auto" is selected the comparison magnitude either Johnson-V, Johnson-B, Cousin-red or SI, SR,SG will be the calculated from the Gaia three colour bands BP, RP and  G using the Gaia transformation formulas. Use in the AAVSO report menu an "ensemble" as comp star.

The photometry pop-up menu:

Pop-up menu of photometry tab:

Change header keywords of selected files: The pop-up menu has option to update a keyword of multiple files if required. If the keyword DATE-OBS is typed then the program will request a time shift in hours. This could be used to correct a recorded time of observation. The old DATE-OBS is stored be behind a new keyword for recovery but that should no be necessary.


Calibrate: For maximum accuracy it is better to calibrate the images with darks and flats & flat-darks. First assure that the correct "master dark" is loaded in the darks tab and "master flat corrected with flat-darks" is in the flat tab. If not load the darks in the dark tab, flats in the flat tab and flat-darks in the flat-darks tab. Then in the photometry tab select all files to calibrate and activate with the right mouse button the option "calibrate selected files".

Extract green pixels.  Select all files in the photometry tab and with the pop-up menu select "Extract green channel". Images will be converted to new images with filename ending "_cal_TG.fit".  The RGB pattern should be correct. Check prior in tab stack method with the "test pattern" button if the default debayer pattern  "auto" results in the correct result. This works best with terrestrial images. Else select a manual de-Bayer pattern.

Astrometric solutions . If the images are not solved yet, press button "Refresh astrometric solutions" This is required to identify the stars for photometric calibration against the V50 star database. If no solution are found, check the image "Field of view (height)" in degrees in tab "alignment" and check initial α,δpositon in the viewer. If solving fails, got through the check list for solving.



Here an example of an exoplanet transit measured using the photometry tab:

A demonstration is available at YouTube:

Measure variable stars


Transformation

Transformation will only work for images from:

The photometry tab has on the far right a button a button Transformation (auto)  . This button works on the image in the viewer and tries find the "observation difference from the standard caused by the colour difference between the variable and comparison star".

If the colour of the variable is the same as the comparison star, the delta magnitude does not require a correction. But if the comparison start is bluer or redder could cause a magnitude offset from the standard. This offset often called the slope needs to measured to achieve maximum accuracy. Ideally the slope is none.

After pressing this button ASTAP will measure the magnitude of  hundreds of stars in the viewer image and compare them with the corresponding Johnson-V and Johnson-B magnitudes calculated from the online Gaia database. The mean slope caused by B-V  value will be calculated.


It will report the slope as follows:

18:54:26  Slope is -0.295. Calculated required absolute transformation correction  ∆ V = 0.259 + -0.295*(B-V). Standard deviation of measured magnitude vs Gaia transformed for stars with SNR>40 and without B-V correction is 0.352

The slope (-0.295) will be added the the AAVSO report menu. The B-V difference between the Var (target) and Check star has to be entered manually. This will correct the measured variable magnitude of the Var (target) star with a value

  Vreported = Vorg + slope * Δ(B-V)


Note it is also possible to calculate the slope manually using the viewer pop-up menu "Star info to clipboard".  This will menu will report all the measured star magnitudes and the transformed Gaia Johnson-V and Johnson-b mangitudes. 

Example of the manual calculation of the slope using "Open Office spreadsheet":

Automatic photometry. Measure all stars with annotations

If the check-mark "measure all annotated" in tab photmetry is set, then the magnitude of all annotated variables and check stars will be measured by clicking on the      ⯈|     button . The data will be reported in new columns to the right side of the photometry tab. The positions are taken from the AAVSO VSX or VSP database.  

Once measured any of the measured Var and Check stars can be selected in the comboboxes of the AAVSO report window.Alternatively you could copy all data to a spreadsheet by ctrl-A (select all rows) and ctrl+C (copy ) and paste it into a spreadsheet for further processing.

Below an example of the available variables in one image:


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Measuring the magnitude of asteroids

It is possible to measure the magnitudes of moving minor planets/asteroids. To make it run you first have to add asteroid annotations to all files. Go to the viewer menu Tools, Batch processing and execute menu "Add asteroid and comet annotation" for all files. The asteroids will be added as annotations in the FITS header.

Then in tab photometry, select all files, click on the first file to plot. If the asteroid is not visible, switch on in the viewer pull down menu, "View", "Annotations visible". Then click on the asteroid to place the Var purple marker on the asteroid. This should generate a log measurement "Lock on ...." Then click on two reference stars to place the purple markers Check and 3. Then click on the       ⯈|     button to cycle once through the images. The columns for the magnitudes should be filled slowy. 

Finally presss on the AAVSO button for a report. 


When the asteroid moves, only the annulus will folllow. The pink circle will be stationary:


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Inspector tab.

This tab is intended to measure accurately the tilt and curvature of your telescope & camera setup. It's done by calculating the best focus position for each image area. To do this it requires a series of images taken at several focuser positions.The routine will calculate from these images the best focus point of each area. It will measure the median HFD values of each image and area and build a table HFD as function of the focuser position. Form this data, curve fitting will give the transfer fucntion and the best focus position expressed in focuser steps. The focus point differences between the image areas will indicate the tilt of each area. The difference between the centrum and outer areas focus point will indicate the curvature.



The usage is as follows:


The reported hfd values can be selected and copied for further analysis in a spreadsheet.


The image areas "HFD center" 2B (purple) and "HFD out" (any star at more then 75% from center) are as followed defined:




In addition the HFD values of the other eight areas are reported.



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Mount analyse tab.

This tab is intended to study:

  1. Mount pointing accuracy
  2. Polar alignment error
  3. Pier stability.  

Mount pointing accuracy: take several images at different location in the sky. Load the images in the tab. Click on the button to add the astrometric solutions. Click on the button analyse. To analyse the result in a spreadsheet, select all rows (ctrl+A), copy (ctrl+C) and paste them into a spreadsheet for further analysis.

Polar alignment error: take two images at different locations in the sky. Load the images in the tab. Click on the button "calculate polar error". Polar error will be reported in the log.

Pier stability: Stop tracking of the mount and take images for several hours from a fixed position of the sky.  Click on the button to add the astrometric solutions. Click on the button analyse. When the stability is perfect the azimuth (A Jnow [°]) and altitude (h Jnow [°]) should be stable within one arcsecond or less. Perfect stability is likely only to be achieved by a telescope mounted directly to a stable pier or wall. To analyse the result in a spreadsheet, select all rows (ctrl+A), copy (ctrl+C) and paste them into a spreadsheet for further analysis.

The images shall be of FITS or Astro-TIFF format with the mount α, δ position in the header. This is normal the case. Keywords required RA, DEC or OBJCTRA, OBJCTDEC. 

The solution can be written either in the original FITS file or in a separate .wcss file.

1)  Image central position in equinox J2000

2) Mount position in equinox J2000

3) Difference between mount and image position in arc seconds.

4)  Image apparent central position in equinox Jnow. The position is corrected for annual aberration and nutation but not for refraction.

5) Mount apparent position in equinox Jnow. The position is corrected for annual aberration and nutation but not for refraction.

6) Altitude of the image central position. The position is corrected for annual aberration and nutation and refraction.

7) Azimuth of the image central position. The position is corrected for annual aberration and nutation and refraction.

8) Rotation of the image for Jnow. So the angle relative to a vector pointing to the Jnow celestial pole.

9) Focuser or ambient temperature. Used for the refraction calculation.

10) Atmospheric pressure in hPa/mBar used for refraction calculation. FITS header keyword  shall be PRESSURE or AOCBAROM. For any different keyword, rename them to PRESSURE using the pop-up menu.

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Live stacking tab.

All file(s) in the specified directory will be stacked live. If it is finished it will wait for new file(s). If a file is detected which is 0.2° away from the previous files a new stack will be started automatically. You can save the stack results from the viewer menu .

To identify files which are processed , they are renamed to the extension *.fts. You can rename them back with the button at the bottom.



Note there is no rejection of poor images. All images are added with equal influence:

Assuming the images are A,B,C,D, E... then

Simple serial stacking:

result1:=A
result2:=(result1+B )/2
result3:=(result2*2+C)/3
result4:=(result3*3+D)/4
result5:=(result4*4+E)/5


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Monitoring  

With this tab it is possible to monitor a specific directory for any new file. Any new file will be loaded in the viewer. After loading an optional action like "Tilt & HFD measurement" and "Solve image" can be executed. You could use this tab for monitoring the tilt adjustment progress or focus drift while taking images. 

The action "Solve image" could be a useful option for users with a basic mount without encoders and a camera mounted on the telescope. An acquisition program like CCDCiel, Nina or APT can take continuous images with an exposure time of a few seconds. The saved images will be automatically loaded in the ASTAP viewer and solved. If a target or a position is specified the following information will be displayed.

The sensor and arrow indicators are orientated for the azimuth & altitude. So up/down are in altitude. Left, right are in azimuth.

In the ASTAP viewer the user could select under menu View an additional α, δ grid or constellations overlay.


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Pixel math1 tab.

 Several options including background equalising.

Background equalization tool:

Powerful tool to remove a gradient. Follow steps 1 to 6.  

For step 2) pull a rectangle around deepsky objects/bright star  and select mouse pop-up menu "Remove deepsky object (Oval shape) This will remove the object allowing to create a smooth background. This background will be subtracted from the orginal image.

Step 6) will save the image with a new file name ending with "equalised" . The same as 1) and needs to be overwritten.

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Pixel math2 tab.

Pixel math 2, streak filter

This is the test area for "satellite streak detection" It will be used in tab lights for "Analyse and organise images +" to display the number of satellite streaks in each image.  It has three settings:

Gaussian blur: This is a blur which is applied for contour tracing. Typically set at 1.

σ factor: This is the sensitivity factor of the detection. The pixels which are this factor above the background noise are seen as signal. A typical value is 2. A lower value will make it more sensitive. Higher value is less sensitive.

Detection grid: This is the distance between the grid lines, Grid lines are used to minimise the number of pixels to test.  Each streak will pass a horizontal or vertical grid line and full line detection will follow. By testing the grid only the detection routine will be faster. Typical setting is 200 or 400 pixels grid spacing.


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Export FITS data to a spreadsheet:

To analyse the relation between the HFD value, focuser position, temperature and altitude it is possible to copy the data from a FITS image list to the operating system clipboard.

Just select a number of images, click on the  Analyse   button. Then select all relevant files and copy the data with right mouse button. Then copy the data into a spreadsheet for analysis.






Here and example of the result in a spreadheet:


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Viewer:



The reported noise indicated by letter σ is in ADU. The value can be reported in electrons (e-) by setting the option in the status bar pop-up menu. See other pop-up menus.


Viewer,  reported angle

If the image the image is solved then the orientation will be reported by a north-east indicator.
The reported angle is between the north arrow and the Y axis counterclockwise (rotate east from north) except when the image is flipped. For flipped images it is clockwise (rotate east of north).  So for both flipped and unflipped images it is the angle reported between Y-axis and north arrow in the direction north to east.

A flipped image doesn't represent nature. The flipping (either horizontal or vertical) is caused by the camera system and will change the position of the north arrow. Nature has not changed so to report the correct angle the image has to be unflipped first. You can either unflip it vertical or horizontal but ASTAP is standard unflipping horizontal.

The same angle is reported in the header as keyword CROTA2.  
So the angle for flipped images is reported as if the image is "unflipped horizontal".

The reported angle is the rotation from sky to image orientation counter clockwise.  The camera for taking the image was rotated with the same angle clockwise.


Header values:



Note about the header: Old style solution keyword CDELT2 is always kept positive and if not the solution is flipped by negating both CDELT2, CDELT2 and shifting the angle 180 degrees. So if the image is flipped the solution is reporting "flipped horizontal" and not an equivalent "flipped vertical". The old style solution is in principle replaced by CD keywords.

To get a rotation angle for a flipped image,  programmers could do the following:

if CDELT1*CDELT2>0 then
   rotation:=-CROTA2 //flipped image
 else
   rotation:=CROTA2

or

if CD1_1*CD2_2 - CD1_2*CD2_1>0 then
   rotation:=-CROTA2 //flipped image
 else
   rotation:=CROTA2

or

if (cd1_1*cd2_2-cd1_2*cd2_1)>=0 then sign:=+1 else sign:=-1;
rotation:= -arctan2(cd2_1,sign*cd1_1)*180/pi;//arctan2 returns arctangent of (y/x)


Rotation of camera is reported as follows:





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Viewer,  file menu

If the program is associated with FITS image files or any other format, it will show the image as soon you click image file. Only one instance of ASTAP will be allowed. After clicking on the second image it will be show in the first instance of ASTAP. If you want to open a second instance, just start ASTAP. If the program is started without parameters, you can open more instances.

Images can be loaded from the file menu or can be drag dropped on the main form.

Besides all FITS formats, the viewer support most image formats in 8/24 bit of 16/48 bit format. It can export to any FITS format and 16/48 bit PNG and TIFF formats.
ASTAP can display images and tables of MEF, multi-extension FITS. The images of MEF can be saved as a single image. The MEF tables can copied into the clipboard and paste to a spreadsheet. (v0.9.446)


This ASTAP version can import raw images from almost any digital camera, For this ASTAP executes a modified Libraw tool  "unprocessed_raw" which is included with the ASTAP for most editions. This special version export directly to FITS including date&time, Bayer pattern and active areas of the sensor only.  If "unprocessed_raw" is not included it can be installed in Linux by the "sudo apt-get install libraw-bin" command. 


File formats ASTAP8 bit 16 bit32 bit (float) 
ImportFITS, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, XISF (uncompressed)FITS, PNG, TIFF (ASTRO-TIFF), PPM, PGM, raw formats, XISF (uncompressed)FITS, PFM,XISF (uncompressed)
ExportFITS, JPEG, PNG, TIFFFITS, PNG, TIFF (ASTRO-TIFF),  PPM, PGMFITS, TIFF (ASTRO-TIFF), PFM


The viewer has a preview function. After opening select "Preview FITS files". The preview is displayed in the ASTAP viewer. Use the arrow key to move up or down or just click on the image. The current zoom and position is maintained so you could study the corner of a series images on image quality.

The file open menu with preview selected:


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Viewer,  file menu, thumbnail viewer for FITS files


ASTAP has a FITS thumbnail viewer (ctrl-T). This could be useful to browse your FITS files. By clicking on the thumbnail it will be opened in the viewer. With a right mouse button click some options are available as changing directory, copy, move, rename or rename to *.bak.

The thumbnail size is depending on the form size. Make it larger, the thumbnails will follow. Thumbnails are organized in 3*X. So the thumbnails are pretty big by purpose. The images are fully loaded in memory so it will consume some memory and time. So don't try get thumbnails of 400 images.




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ASTAP viewer screen shot:





Viewer menu Tools:


Viewer, tools, Astrometric solving the image in the viewer

  
With the   Solve|   button it is possible to find an astrometric solution of the image loaded. For this the estimated celestial center position α, δ should be available. This position is normally retrieved from the FITS header. Secondly the estimated image height in degrees should be specified in the stack menu, tab alignment.  In the same tab alignment you can specify the search radius and down sampling. For successful solving see conditions required for solving.

For solving JPG, PNG or RAW files it is possible to add the object position as center position using the deep sky database. Double click on the
δ position in viewer and enter the object name. The position will be retrieved from the database. This position will be used as a start point for the solver.



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Viewer, Tools, Batch processing:

With the batch routine several FITS image can be "astrometric solved" or converted. This conversion is not required for ASTAP. Automatic conversion is integrated in the menus.



The functions "Batch solve FITS & TIFF" images and "Batch measure tilt and store to header keyword TILT" allow adding new values to the header. The can be reported in tab lights by setting the configurable last column to the desired header keyword. Once the images tab Lights are analysed then the data can be selected & copied and pasted to a spreadsheet for further use.




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Viewer, tools, Image inspection



This menu is direct accessibly by F5. The tilt button can be activated by F4.  It will show default an octagon based on the median HFD values of the stars in nine areas of the image. This will visualise any problem in the imaging system like sensor tilt and curvature. There are some other inspection options available like roundness (F3) and aberration inspector (F6).

The image used for testing should be a single raw image with sufficient stars and not containing a disturbing large and bright deep sky object.  The exposure length should be long enough to image many stars but not too long avoiding star saturation.

The routine will detect and annotate the stars with their measured HFD value and plot a tilt indicator in the image. A star rich image containing a few hunderd stars or more gives the best accuracy.

The following will be reported:


It is possible to automate the loading and tilt measurement using tab monitoring 

An irregular octagon figure is displayed using the median HFD value of eight areas. If your optics is good and there is hardly any tilt or curvature the figure will form a square:. The yellow values indicate the median HFD values of nine square areas:

The figure of a good optical system:



A system suffering from severe curvature:


A system with severe tilt:


It is possible to automate the loading and tilt measurement using tab monitoring 


CCD inspector calculation method explained:

HFDout = median HFD value of all stars 75% or more distance from center. (100% is the distance to a corner.)

HFDcenter =  median(HFDarea 2B)

The OFF axis aberration = HFD_out - HFD_center



The tilt is calculated as follows:


HFDbest = min(HFDarea 1A, HFDarea 3A, HFDarea 1C, HFDarea 3C)

HFDworst = max(HFDarea 1A, HFDarea 3A, HFDarea 1C, HFDarea 3C)

Tilt [HFD] = HFDworst - HFDbest       (of the corners)
Tilt [%] = 100% * (
HFDworst  - HFDbest ) / HFDmedian    (note that the percentage scale is more dependent on focus)

The tilt scale is defined as follows:

None (0 to 5% tilt)

Almost none (5 to 10% tilt)

Mild (10 to 15% tilt)

Moderate (15 to 20% tilt)

Severe (20 to 30% tilt)

Extreme (>30% tilt)





Triangle: The triangle based tilt indication is intended for adjusting your tilt adapter with three adjustment screws. First solve an image, then flip the image in the viewer such that north is up and east is left (northern hemisphere). Then apply the adjustable three corner angle such that the orientation of the adapter screw matches with the three corners show. You can click on the tilt button without refresh.

The triangle based tilt indication is based on the following three areas:




The triangle option measures in an circular area with a diameter equals the image height. This area is split in three equal 120 degrees segments. The center is excluded.

It is possible to automate the loading and tilt measurement using live stacking

For the triangle the off-axis aberration calculation is as follows:

HFD_out = median HFD value of all stars 75% or more from center. (100% is the distance to a corner.)

HFD_center =  median HFD value of all stars within 25% from center.

The OFF axis aberration = HFD_out - HFD_center

The tilt calculation:

Best HFD value = min(HFD area 1, HFD area 2, HFD area 3)

Worst HFD value = max(HFD area 1, HFD area 2, HFD area 3)

Tilt = "Worst_HFD value" minus "Best HFD value"


The diameters of the areas 1,2 and 3 are equal to the distance to the longest side of the image. The triangle option is less sensitive then the octagon method but the areas are symmetrical so the orientation can be adapted without changing the sensitivity.



Normally the tilt indication uses stars with a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 30 or higher. For extra stars is will reduce the minimum SNR to 10. Then the HFD values will be a little less accurate. Extra stars is intended for short exposure only where there are not enough stars with a SNR of 30 or higher.



Data export



If the option "data to clipboard" is checked then all available data is copied to the clipboard. If the image is solved the α
, δ positions will be included.  If the photometric calibration is applied it will include the star magnitudes.

An example of the data copied to the clipboard:
fitsX    fitsY  HFD    RA[°]       DEC[°]      ADU     Magnitude
1877.70  17.97  3.843  274.093663  -14.400684  229858  13.424
 267.96  19.45  3.472  275.332120  -14.498080  141018  13.955
1172.71  18.24  3.040  274.635894  -14.444421   71522  14.692
2161.77  18.96  3.548  273.875327  -14.381897  167485  13.768
 222.94  19.92  3.075  275.366797  -14.500390  218724  13.478
 785.63  21.10  3.047  274.933882  -14.465880  169184  13.757
1392.94  22.41  3.522  274.466757  -14.427718  135043  14.002
2065.31  22.09  3.350  273.949687  -14.385719   87597  14.472

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HFD 2D contour.

The star half flux diameters (HFD's) are displayed in a 2D contour. Dark areas indicate a lower and better HFD value. This will quickly visualise sensor tilt or other problems. To avoid false indications by outliers the HFD values are filtered by taking the median HFD value of the three closest stars and  allocate the result to all three stars. The HFD values are indicated numerical. They grey levels have no direct linea relation with the HFD.





HFD diagram.


The star HFD values can also be represented by areas of constant HFD. It is in principle a Voronoi diagram, but by  taking the median value of each three closest stars and allocate the median to the three stars it looks a little different.White areas indicate a star with an high HFD value. Darker areas indicate a lower value. The grey level is the HFD * 100.


HFD values

This tool will only indicate the median filtered HFD values next to the stars. The same values as in the 2D countour and HFD diagram. To avoid false indications by outliers the HFD values are filtered by taking the median HFD value of the three closest stars and  allocate the result to all three stars.

Unroundness

This tool measured the unroundness of the imaged stars. The values are the aspect ratio of an ellipse.

Measuring principle: The star is split in two by a line. The average distance of the pixels to the split is measured. Then the split line is rotated one degrees and again the average pixel distance to the split line is measured. This continues till the line has made a 180 degrees rotation.  The aspect ratio is the highest distance value found divided by the lowest distant value. The orientation is the position where the lowest distance is found en the star is the longest.

 Creative Commons License This unroundness measuring principle is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License



Median background values

This tools writes the median background values as numerical values in the image. Stars will be ignored but nebula will influence the background measurement..





Show distortion

This tools shows the difference between the Gaia star positions and the centroids of the imaged stars assuming a linear solution. A difference is indicated with a line 50 x larger then the actual difference in pixels. A scale is show at the left bottom. Also the  median astrometric error in arc seconds for the center 50% square (height/2 * height/2) is reported. This indicates the error to expect for astrometric measurements. Note the database resolution is
0.077"  in α and 0.039" in δ.

If the SIP polynome as measuring mode in the viewer is selected then the distortion will be corrected.

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Aberration Inspector

This tool creates a 3x3 mosaic of the images center, the corners and borders. This allows an easy comparison of the star shape at the different sections of the image.




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Viewer, Tools, Calibrate Photometry.

With this option the relation between flux and magnitude is measured. The image should be solved in advance to be able to calibrate the star flux with star database magnitudes. After the calibration is applied, the star magnitude at the mouse cursor is displayed. In the log an estimate for the limiting magnitude for point sources is reported for a detection limit of SNR ≥7.  The accuracy is better then ±,0.5 magnitudes. The aperture used for star flux measurement can be adapted in stack menu tab "photometry".

For stretched images the reported (limiting) magnitude will be less reliable. Use the pop-up menu option "online query" to request the magnitude of the point sources.



Viewer, Tools, SQM report based on an image



With this option the  SQM = sky background value relative to the stars is measured and expressed in magnitude per square arc second.  The image should be solved in advance to be able to calibrate the measured star flux with star database magnitudes. The reported SQM value will be equal to a value reported by an Unihedron SQM-L meter.  Atmospheric extinction of the stars at lower altitudes will be compensated.

Some background information:

http://www.lightpollution.it/download/sqmreport.pdf

At zenith the measured star flux and sky background flux are defined as comparable and star light extinction is zeroed by subtracting 0.28 magnitudes from the calculated zenith extinction. So at zenith the SQM brightness values are comparable to deepsky object brightness and can be expressed in magn/arcsec². At lower altitudes the measured star flux is less and compensated by a predicted extinction (0.2811*airmass, airmass according Pickering).

Pre-conditions
1) Image is astrometrical solved for star flux-calibration against the star database magnitudes.
2) The background value is larger then pedestal value or mean dark value. If not expose longer.
3) Apply on single unprocessed raw images only.
4) Providing dark image(s) in tab darks (ctrl+A) or entering a pedestal value  (mean value of a dark)
     increases the accuracy. If possible provide also a flat(s) in tab flats.
5) DSLR/OSC raw images require 2x2 binning. For DSLR images this is done automatically.
6) Most of the image is free of deepsky nebula.
7) The calculated altitude is correct. The altitude will be used for an atmospheric
    extinction correction of the star light.
8) No 
filter is used except a UV/IR block filter. (Note the standard database is based on the Gaia blue magnitudes (400-700 nm) which matches the passband of a typical camera. In case the V50 photometry database is selected, a matching Johnson-V filter should used.)


Differences between Unihedron and ASTAP measurements:





Viewer, Tools, Magnitude (measured) annotation.

With this option the stars are annotated with the estimated magnitude.  The image should be solved in advance to be able to calibrate the star flux with star database magnitudes.

If the Johnson-V version of the star database (V50) is used, the results match very accurate with AAVSO charts as demonstrated below. Camera was an ASI1600 with only an UV-IR block filter:



For best accuracy the image should be monochrome and the Gaia Johnson-V star databases V50 should have been installed and selected. The image should have taken with a Johnson-V filter or none (clear). Saturated stars will be ignored since it is not possible to measure then accurately.



In the left bottom corner of the image an estimate for the limiting magnitude for point sources is reported using a detection limit SNR ≥ 7. Below this value detection of point source detection becomes unreliable.
The accuracy is better then ±,0.5 magnitudes. The image should not be stretched. The aperture used for star flux measurement can be adapted in stack menu tab "photometry". Results can be validated by requesting the Gaia BP magnitude magnitude of the faintest stars in the image using the pop-up menu option "online query".

For stretched images the reported limiting magnitude will be less reliable. Use
the pop-up menu option "online query" to request the magnitude of the faintest sources.


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Viewer, Tools, Star (database) magnitude.

With this option the stars are annotated with the star database magnitude. This can be done best with V50 containing the calculated Johnson-V magnitudes.

For a G-database the indicated magnitude is Gaia blue. For a V-database the indicated magnitude is Johnson-V  and the following the difference between Gaia blue and red,  positive for reddish objects. All in 1/10 of a magnitude.

Below, the image is 1) solved, 2) auto calibrated (using the V16)   The cursor is at a star and based on the flux of all know stars, the star Johnson-V magnitude is estimated to be 16.1. The stars are marked with the Johnson-V magnitude and  Bp-Rp color indication.

See also blink and photometry




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Viewer, Tools, Unknown star annotation (nova detection)

Any unknown object or a star with an abnormal magnitude is identified. This option is intended to mark nova and minor planets using the star database. Any star like object missing or with one magnitude brighter then the online Gaia database is annotated. The Gaia online database goes down to about magnitude 21. So the algorithm will detected any new object to about 21-1 is magnitude 20. The image should be solved in advance.

Downloading the Gaia database could be slow. Especially for field-of-view larger then two degrees.

Nova inside small galaxies boundaries could avoid star detection. Very small galaxies could also be detected as missing in the Gaia star database for the obvious reasons.  

At the moment there is no batch routine for this tool but could be considered. (Including export to .csv files for further processing).


Viewer, Tools, Variable star annotation

Variable star are annotated using the variable_stars.csv database.



Viewer, Tools, Asteroid and comet annotation

This option will annotate asteroids using the orbital elements taken from the MPCORB.DAT file and for comets the ComeEls.txt from the Minor Planet Center.

Usage:

- Solve an image.
- Go to to the viewer "Tools" menu, "Asteroid annotation".
- First time download the full MPCORB.DAT from the minor planet center. Link is available from the blue down arrow. Set the path to MPCORB.DAT correct.
- Set the limiting magnitude and maximum number of asteroids to read.
- Press the button   Asteroid & comet annotation   .

Remarks:

Renew the MPCORB.DAT and CometEls.txt  files every few months.

The observation date and time are extracted from the FITS header (date-obs, date-avg) or for other files the file date is taken.  If date average is not available it will be calculated from the exposure time and date-obs from the FITS header.

The latitude and longitude of the observation location are also taken from the header. If not available enter them manually or leave them at 0.

For MPC1992 style reporting  the option "Add as annotation to the FITS header" should be set.




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Viewer, Tools, Deep sky annotations  

If the image is solved, it is possible to add deep sky annotations. See pull-down menu TOOLS:



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View menu

This menu has the following options:


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FITS tables

The viewer has limited support for displaying FITS binary and ASCII tables. It can read and write binary tables and read ASCII tables only. They are displayed in the memo. Values are separated by a tab #9 and can be selected and copied to a spreadsheet. It can display only one table and will display the first table only. The file can be saved again but all binary values will be all written as 4 byte float.

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Viewer pop-up menu:



Add annotation,  free text label at a x,y position. It can be connected via a line by first holding the right mouse button and moving the mouse away. See sample above.  Persistent by annotation keyword in the FITS header. The annotation can be switched off in pulldown menu "View". Remove by removing the annotation line in the header.  If a @ is added to the text, the annotation is written persistent in the image data. So the image will be permanently altered after saving. Adding two or more @ will increase the font size.

Add marker, rectangle marker at x,y position. Draw the rectangle first by holding the right mouse button down and moving the mouse away. See sample above. The Persistent by annotation keyword in the FITS header. The annotation can be switched off in pulldown menu "View". Remove by removing the annotation line in the header.

Add object position, Enabled after astrometric solve. Will add the α, δ at the mouse position. Orange if a lock is possible, see above sample, red if not. Not persistent after image clean up.

Add marker at  α,  δ position, will place a yellow square at the specified α,  δ position.  See above sample for orange star. Enabled after astrometric solve. Persistent. Position will be saved with "save settings". If a C is typed, the marker is placed at the center.

Measure total magnitude within shape, Enabled after astrometric solve. Shape is either a rectangle or a ellipse is SHIFT or CNTRL is pressed. The program will measure the flux and try to estimate the magnitude. Hold the right mouse down and pull a rectangle around the deep sky object, release mouse button and then select this menu.  If the image is taken with a Johnson-V filter then also V50 Johnson-V star databases should be used. All other local database used for flux calibration are based on Gaia Bp. If more then 3% of the pixels is saturated a warning will be given.



A demonstration is available at YouTube:  Photometry in the viewer

The measuring principle is as follows:
  1. Use the star database to measure the MEDIAN relation between flux of the detected stars and star magnitude from the database. (That's why solving is required and best result are achieved with the V50 Johnson-V star databases based on Gaia DR3) 
  2. Measure the MEDIAN background 1 to 10 pixels wide outside the rectangle box. This median measurement will ignore stars in the field.
  3. Measure the MEAN  flux inside the box.
  4. Calculate the magnitude for the "inside mean flux" minus "median outside box flux" using the relation found for the stars.

 You could argue that a Johnson-V filter or green channel is required for the image but in practice the error is limited depending on the spectrum.


MPC1992 report line. This menu will report the position of a minor planet at the mouse cursor to both the clipboard and the standard log. If the object is within an annotation the report will include the object abbreviation. To include abbreviations the annotations have to be added prior to using the MPC1992 report line. See viewer menu "Asteroids & comets annotation" shortcut ctrl+R.

Usage: Place the mouse pointer on an minor planet spot and select this menu. The minor planet name, position and magnitude will be both reported in the clpboard and the log. This works best in combination with the track and stack menu of the blink tab.   The  reported line can be pasted directly in the online  MPC checker. No need to enter the date and position. Just paste the single line of 80 characters long. A MPC1992 report could be assembled manually with these lines to a full report. A report should contain typically three observations of one object in a single night.:

A MPC1992 template  for reporting asteroid/minor-planet positions to the Minor planet Center

COD XXX
CON Optional contact name. Additional contact details may then follow.
OBS Observer name(s), no programs
MEA Measurers name(s), no programs
TEL 0.2-m f/4 reflector + CCD
COM Long. 01 30 00 E, Lat. 53 00 00 N, Alt 10m, Google Earth
NET Gaia3
63343         B2018 09 10.54372 22 57 15.97 -07 38 51.9          19.76B      XXX
38826         B2018 09 10.54372 22 56 42.42 -07 50 37.1          18.19B      XXX

....


Show statistics. This menu will generate a statistics report of the image.


Star info to clipboard. This will generate a positional and photometric report of all detectable stars in the selected window and place it in the clipboard. From there the information  can be copied to your favorite program/spreadsheet. This menu will only be available if the image is solved. (press viewer  solve button). The magnitudes value are absolute calibrate values based on the the selected reference database.

The report in the clipboard will look like this:

Example of an ASTAP report:

Limiting magnitude is 18.1   (18.1< m <18.1, SNR=7, aperture ⌀1.5)
Passband filter used: CV
Passband database=BP

fitsX fitsY HFD α[°] δ[°] ADU SNR Magn_measured | Gaia-V Gaia-B Gaia-R Gaia-SG Gaia-SR Gaia-SI Gaia-G Gaia-BP Gaia-RP
3755.45 2692.99 3.604 23.747631 30.448624 31952 118 14.797 | 14.620 15.480 14.134 15.003 14.347 14.103 14.380 14.828 13.766
3826.88 2702.46 3.386 23.778321 30.445076 6398 30 16.544 | 16.377 17.496 15.773 16.887 16.008 15.663 16.035 16.618 15.321
3803.23 2709.42 3.958 23.768154 30.442512 27335 110 14.967 | 14.793 15.309 14.473 14.987 14.662 14.548 14.668 14.949 14.225
3787.76 2712.94 3.378 23.761501 30.441217 8257 34 16.267 | 16.232 16.877 15.846 16.502 16.045 15.881 16.065 16.407 15.549


The values are seperated by a tab. The reference database, aperture and annulus can be selected in tab photometry. For measuring the absolute magnitudes it will use the reference magnitudes of either a local star database (e.g. the D50, Gaia BP or the Johnson-V in the V50) or the online Gaia catalog from Vizier. About six photometric transformations are available for the Johnson V, B, R and Sloan magnitudes according the transformation as documented in the Gaia documentation. The online Gaia reference data is retrieved from Vizier and can retrieval be slow. The magnitude transformation is done locally.



To measure all the stars in a series of images use the tab  photometry and option measure all stars in one step.



Copy image (selection) to the clipboard, copies the displayed image or a selection of the image to the clipboard. The orientation is depending on the selection direction.. So the image can be flipped both vertical and horizontal depending on the selection direction..

Copy position to clipboard, Enabled after astrometric solve. Copies the α,  δ position to the clipboard.

Copy position to clipboard in ° , Enabled after astrometric solve. Copies the α,  δ position in degrees to the clipboard.



Online query.
Query the Simbad database, Hyperleda, Ned or Gaia online database for all objects within the selected rectangle. Or request an AAVSO map for the selected rectangle.  The annotation requests will annotate the objects in the image. The browser requests will activate the default web browser and list the object found in a table with information and further links. For a Gaia query it is better to place the cursor directly on the star rather then pull a rectangle.

Local adjustments
Local colour smooth

Local remove colour.

Local Gaussian blur.

Local equalise tool.

Brighten a small area based on the corner values.

Gradient removal tool

To remove a linear gradient caused by light pollution or twilight. The routine need two empty areas 40x40 pixels in the image to measure the gradient. The area may contain stars but no deepsky object. The area are selected by pressing the right mouse button(first area) and while holding the mouse button move to the second area in the direction of the gradient. Then select in the pop-up menu "Gradient removal tool". Try to maximise the distance ideally the full image range.




Dark spot removal tool.  Tool to remove dark round spot by dust in the optical system, Hold to SHIFT or CTRL button and press the right mouse button to encircle.accurately the dark spot. Release the right mouse button and select the "dark spot removal tool". For a demonstration see this Youtube video.

Copy paste tool. 
Powerful touch-up tool  for cosmetic corrections. Small sections of the image can be copied as pasted on hot pixels or artifacts. Select the good part by holding the right mouse button and pulling a rectangle with the mouse and move the copied part to the part to be touched up..   The selection is default an rectangle. When either SHIFT or CNTRL is pressed the selection will be an circle/ellipse.


Set area. 
Set an area for the colour replacement tool in tab pixel math 1.


Remove deep sky object.
Removes an deep sky object as part of the pixel math tab routine "equalise background tool".  Hold the right mouse down and pull a rectangle or ellipse around the deep sky object, release mouse button and then and then select this menu. When either SHIFT or CNTRL is pressed the selection will be an ellipse.


Remove borders. This menu allows to remove parts of the image near de borders.


Crop fits image. This allows the crop the image. Hold the right mouse down and pull a rectangle, release mouse button and then and the select this menu

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Other pop-up menus:

Search for an object position:



Copy histogram values to clipboard. You can paste them then in a spreadsheet.


Fits header editor



Status bar. You can select to display:
 
- A different unit for the position.
- The HFD and FWHM in arc seconds.
- Noise reported in electrons.



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Usage as astrometric solver and command line options:

For command line parameters see : astap_command_line

For images in the viewer:

The simplest way to solve an image is just to load an image in the viewer and hit the solve button. Some settings are available in the   ∑   menu under tab alignment. 


The solution will be added to the fits header and center of the image will be displayed in the log of the  ∑   menu. Click on the save button to save the FITS file with the solution. With the solution, the status bar will show the astronomical position of the mouse pointer.

Conditions required for solving:

Quick checklist for solving:
  1. An approximate celestial position is specified (for a spiral search). This position should be displayed in the left top of the viewer menu. (unless you do a 180 degrees search)
  2. Correct image height in degrees specified within preferable 5% accuracy. This height (width x height) should be displayed in the status bar of the viewer and in tab alignment under "Field of view (height)" (Check focal length, sensor size settings or try FOV=auto once)" You can set/force a "Field of view (height)" in tab Alignment.
  3. At least 30 stars are visible. For small field-of-view (<0.6°) and away from the Milky-Way-plane expose longer up to 30 seconds and install the D20 or D50 star database.
  4. The stars are reasonable round and the camera is in focus.
  5. Image dimensions at least 1280x960 pixels. For smaller dimensions solving is still possible if the image quality is good.
  6. Image is not stretched, very saturated or heavily photo-shopped.
  7. Try test if an image is blind solvable.
If you still have problems with solving, you could send me a link to the file involved (FITS is preferred) and if I have time I could have a look. Upload it e.g. to http://nova.astrometry.net and share the link. For privacy reasons, prior to uploading you could remove your latitude/longitude information from the header using the viewer "Tools", "Batch processing", "Remove longitude latitude information" menu.

The internal astrometric solver works best with raw unstretched and sharp images of sufficient resolution where stars can be very faint. Heavily stretched, saturated, out-of-focus or photo shopped images are problematic. It requires minimum about 30 stars in the image to solve. Images containing of a few hundred stars stars are ideal. For star rich images, the program will reduce the detection limit to limit the number of stars. This will only work for unstretched images where brighter stars have a greater intensity then fainter stars. So ASTAP requires three star dimensions for solving. The star x, y coordinates and star intensity. Oval stars due to tracking errors or severe optical distortion will be ignored and solving could fail.

Check list for successful solving with ASTAP:
  1. An approximate α and δ celestial position is specified (for a spiral search). For FITS file this position is normally read from the FITS file header and set automatically. The position can also be passed by the command-line from your favorite imaging program. In case you view an JPEG, TIFF image the approximate  position can be entered by a double click on α input to search for a know deep sky object position from the database.
  2. Correct image height in degrees specified within preferable 5% accuracy.  See    window, tab alignment, group-box astrometric settings, "Field of view (height)". For FITS images this is normally automatic calculated from info in the file header. In cause of doubt you could try "Field of view (height)"=AUTO
  3. At least 30 stars are visible in the image. They can be very faint, barely visible in the noise. For large field-of-view (>1°) expose 5 to 10 seconds but for small field-of-view (<0.5°) expose longer up to 60 seconds and use the D50 star database.
  4. The visible stars are reasonable round and the camera is in focus. You could verify the star detection by the CCD inspector or by  the  Test button to show quads  in the    window, tab alignment). Most stars should be detected.
  5. Image dimensions at least 1280x960 pixels. Set downsample at 0 (=auto) and the program will select a downsampling factor automatically. Image height in pixels after ASTAP dowsampling should be somewhere between 1000 and 3000 pixels. ASI120MC camera image are problemetic to solve.
  6. Image is not stretched, very saturated or heavily photo-shopped. The total exposure time could be hours (stacked) as long it is possible to separate the brightest stars from the faint by intensity.
  7. Search radius should be set large enough. See    window, tab alignment, group-box astrometric settings.  You could set this at 30° or for blind solving at 180°.
  8. Use downsample factor 0 (auto). See    window, tab alignment, group-box astrometric settings. 
  9. If your image is full of hot pixels you could adjust the "Ignore stars less then ["]"  in tab Alignment. This is set default at 1.5" but could be set higher for a long focal length.
  10. The maximum number of stars to use should be defined. Typical set at 500. See ∑ window, tab alignment.
  11. Hash code tolerance should be defined. Typical set at 0.007. See tab alignment.
  12. For a field-of-view less then 40 arc minutes (long focal length) it is recommend to install the D20, D50 or even the D80 star database.  See star database usability
  13. If a global cluster fills the whole field, ASTAP could struggle to solve. Forcing option "slow" could  help.
  14. Best input format is FITS, RAW or 16 bit PNG, TIFF. Images in 8 bit PNG, TIFF and especially in the JPEG format are disadvantageous for solving.

Test if an image is solvable (fully blind solving):

To test if an image is solvable follow this procedure:

A) Load an image in ASTAP

B) Check star detection by hitting button F4. Only stars should be annotated and not the hot pixels. If hot pixels are annotated see E) Hot pixels seen as stars

C) Go to ASTAP settings by CTRL+A or Σ button. Select tab Alignment. Set ASTAP to blind solving by 1) in screen shot. So "field of view"=auto and "radius of search area[°]"=180.  (Note that blind solving will only search within FOV range 10° to 0.3°)  

D) Hit the ASTAP solve button

This should solve any image in a few minutes max. After solving the image height in degrees is reported. Further field of view (FOV) calculations can be done in tab Pixelmath, FOV calculator.

E) Hot pixels seen as stars

If too many hot pixels are detected as stars then increase "Ignore stars less then ["]" value marked by 2) in the screen shot. The star annotation values shown after hitting F4 are indicating which value is you should use. More then the hot pixels HFD values but less then the star HFD values. Save settings by hitting the solve button.



 The FOV calculator in tab Pixel math 2




Command line usage ASTAP

The program can be used to astrometric solve images using the following command line options:



ASTAP astrometric solver command line

The FOV, RA,DEC parameters are intended for none FITS files.  They are not required for FITS files having the values in the header.
command
parameter unit remarks
-h

help info
-help

help info
Solver options:
-f file_name
Image file to solve astrometric. Valid formats FITS, TIFF, PNG, JPG, uncompressed XISF files.
-r radius_search_field degrees The radius of the square search pattern around the start position. *
-fov field_height_of_image degrees If not specified it will be extracted from the FITS header or last successful solve will be used (learn mode).  Specify 0 for auto.  *
-ra right_ascension hours If not specified it will be extracted from the FITS header or last successful solve will be used (learn mode).  *
-spd south_pole_distance
(dec+90)
degrees The declination is given in south pole distance so always positive.

If not specified it will be extracted from the FITS header or last successful solve will be used (learn mode).  *
-z down_sample_factor
0,1,2,3,4,.. Down sample (binning) of the input image prior to solving. Specify "0" for auto selection.. *
-s max_number_of_stars
Limits the number of star used for the solution. Typical value 500. *
-t tolerance
Tolerance used to compare quads. Typical value  0.007. *
-mminimum star sizearcsecThis setting could be used to filter out hot pixels.
-checkapplyy/nApply a check pattern filter prior to solving. Use for raw OSC images only when binning is set 1x1  *
-dpathSpecify a path to the star database
-DabbreviationSpecify a star database [d80, d50, ..]
-ofileName the output files with this base path & file name
-sipaddy/nAdd SIP (Simple Image Polynomial) coefficients. Only required to deactivate SIP.
-speedmodeslow / auto"slow" is forcing more area overlap while searching  to improve detection. *
-wcsWrite a .wcs file  in similar format as Astrometry.net. Line length fixed at 80 bytes and  no carriage returns. Else text style
-updateAdd the solution to the input fits/tiff file header. In case the input is a jpeg, png a new fits will be created.
-logWrite solver log to a .log text file. 
Analyse options
-analysesnr_minimumAnalyse only and report HFD. Windows: errorlevel is the median HFD * 100M + number of stars used. So the HFD is trunc(errorlevel/1M)/100.
For Linux and macOS the info is send to stdout only.
-extractsnr_minimumAs analyse option but additionally export info of all detectable stars to a .csv file. The decimal separator is always a dot.
-extract2snr_minimumSolve image and export info of all detectable stars to a .csv file including αδ of each detection. SIP polynomial will be used for high precision positions. The decimal separator is always a dot.

In versions after 2024-2-1
* Defaults can be set in the program. Shortcut CTRL-A, tab alignment
Extra options below are only for the standard GUI version of ASTAP. Not for the ASTAP_CLI command-line version.
-annotateProduce a deep sky annotated jpeg file with same name as input file extended with _annotated.
-debugShow GUI and stop prior to solving
-tofitsbinning1,2,3,4Produce binned FITS file from input png/jpg


As analyser/stacker:
-sqmpedestalMeasure the sky background value in magn/arcsec2    relative to the stars. The pedestal is the mean value of a dark. Also centalt and airmass are written to the header..
-focus1file1.fits -focus2 file2.fits -focus3 file3.fits ................Find best focus point for four or more images using curve fitting. Windows: errorlevel is focuspos*1E4 + rem.error*1E3. Linux: see stdout
-stackStart ASTAP with live stack tab visible and path selected.
        

Command-line parameters have priority above fits header values. Front-end programs should provide access to -z and -r options as a minimum. Default value for -z should be 0 (auto).


Typical command lines:

astap.exe -f image.fits  -r 50 

astap.exe -f c:\images\image.png  -ra 23.000  -spd 179.000  -fov 1.3  -r 50 


For most FITS files the command line can be short since telescope position and field of view can be retrieved from the FITS header. The keywords read are documented in appendix 4 FITS keywords read for solving. If a FITS file is not available, preference is a non lossless image format like .PNG or .TIFF or RAW like .CR2.  If possible in 16 bit or original 12 bit format. Not stretched or saturated, as raw as possible. For formats other then FITS the RA,DEC position and -fov (image HEIGHT in degrees !!) should be added.

If the FOV (image height in degrees)  is unspecified in the command-line for RAW, PNG, TIFF files, ASTAP will use the FOV as set in the program, stack menu, tab alignment. This setting can be learned and updated automatically with the parameters -fov 0. ASTAP will try all FOV between 10 degrees and 0.3 degrees. E.g.

    astap.exe -f c:\images\image.png  -ra 23.000  -spd 179.000   -r 30 -fov 0

After a successful solve, the correct FOV will be stored in the ASTAP settings. For the next solve using images from the same source the -fov 0 parameters can be omitted and solving will be fast.

The debug option allows to set some solving parameters in the GUI (graphical user interface) and to test the commandline. In debug mode all commandline parameters are set and the specified image is shown in the viewer. Only the solve command has to be given manually:

    astap.exe -f c:\images\image.png  -ra 23.000  -spd 179.000   -r 30 -debug

or

    astap.exe -debug


Command-line, output files

In command line mode the program produces two output files at the same location as the input image. In case a solution is found it will write a .wcs file 1) containing the solved FITS header only.  In any case it will write an INI file using the standard FITS keywords.

Example of the INI output file after an successful solve:

PLTSOLVD=T                                     // T=true, F=false
CRPIX1= 1.1645000000000000E+003               
// X of reference & centre pixel
CRPIX2= 8.8050000000000000E+002                // Y of reference & centre pixel  
CRVAL1= 1.5463033992314939E+002                // RA (J2000) of the reference pixel [deg]                   

CRVAL2= 2.2039358425145043E+001                // DEC (J2000)of the reference pixel [deg]                   
CDELT1=-7.4798001762187193E-004                // X pixel size [deg]
CDELT2= 7.4845252983311850E-004                // Y pixel size [deg]
CROTA1=-1.1668387329628058E+000                // Image twist of X axis [deg]
CROTA2=-1.1900321176194073E+000                // Image twist of Y axis [deg]                
CD1_1=-7.4781868711882519E-004                 // CD matrix to convert (x,y) to (Ra, Dec)  
CD1_2= 1.5241315209850368E-005                
// CD matrix to convert (x,y) to (Ra, Dec)                                   
CD2_1= 1.5534412042060001E-005                 
// CD matrix to convert (x,y) to (Ra, Dec)             
CD2_2= 7.4829732842251226E-004                 // CD matrix to convert (x,y) to (Ra, Dec)
CMDLINE=......                                 // Text message containing command line used
WARNING=......                                 // Text message containing warning(s)


The reference pixel is always specified for the centre of the image. The decimal separator is always a dot as for FITS headers.

Example of the INI output file in case of solve failure:

PLTSOLVD=F                                     // T=true, F=false
CMDLINE=......                                 // Text message containing command line used
ERROR= .....                                   // Text message containing any error(s). Same as exit code errors
WARNING= .....
                                // Text message containing any warnings(s)

The .wcs file contains the original FITS header with the solution added. No data, just the header. Any warning is added to the .wcs file using the keyword WARNING. This warning could be presented to the user for information.

1) Note the wcs file is default written as text file using carriage return and line feed for each line and is not conform the FITS standard. To have .wcs file conform the FITS standard add the command-line option -wcs.


Command-line, error codes

In the command-line mode errors are reported by an error code / errorlevel {%errorlevel%}. This is the same error as reported in the .ini file in case of failure.

Error codeDescription
0No errors
1No solution
2Not enough stars detected
16Error reading image file
32No star database found
33Error reading star database
34Error updating input file

To analyse a FITS file you could do in a Windows batch file the following:

c:\astap.fpc\astap.exe -f  c:\astap.fpc\test_files\command_line_test\m16.fit -analyse 30
echo Exit Code is %errorlevel%
pause

You will get
Exit Code is 326000666

where the HFD is 3.26 using 666 stars

For Linux and Mac a stdout is used reporting as follows:
HFD_MEDIAN=3.3
STARS=666
-analyse functionality:
ProgramWindowsLinuxmacOS
astapexit codestdoutstdout
astap_cliexit code & stdoutstdoutstdout




Finding best focus based on four or more input images:

c:\astap.fpc\astap -focus1 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS04689.fit -focus2 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS05039.fit -focus3 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS05389.fit -focus4 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS05739.fit -focus5 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS06089.fit -focus6 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS06439.fit -focus7 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS06789.fit -focus8 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS07139.fit
echo Exit Code is %errorlevel%
pause

or with the -debug option

astap.exe  -debug -focus1 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS04689.fit -focus2 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS05039.fit -focus3 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS05389.fit -focus4 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS05739.fit -focus5 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS06089.fit -focus6 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS06439.fit -focus7 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS06789.fit -focus8 D:\temp\FocusSample\FOCUS07139.fit

Select then tab "inspector" and hit the "hyperbola curve fitting button" to test the functionality.

Here an example of the command-line output:



This option is not available for the astap_cli version.


Command-line pop-up notifier

If the ASTAP is command-line executed in MS-Windows, it will be shown by a small ASTAP tray icon on the right side of the status bar. If you move the mouse to the ASTAP tray icon, the hint will show the search radius reached. To refresh the value move the mouse away and back. 

If the search spiral has reached a distance more then 2 degrees from the start position then a pop-up notifier will show the actual search distance and solver settings:

  1. The first line indicates the search spiral distance (8º) from the start position and the maximum search radius (90º)
  2. The image height in degrees. 
  3. Downsample setting and the input dimensions of the image to solve. 
  4. The α and δ of the start position. 
  5. Speed normal (▶▶)  or small steps (▶)


See conditions required for solving to fix solve failures. Or test if an image is solvable.

Tray icons are default off in the latest Win10 version. To set the ASTAP tray icon on, start a solve via the imaging program, go to Windows  "Settings", "Taskbar", "Turn system icons on or off" and set the ASTAP tray icon permanent "on" as shown below:

Blind solving performance

Blind solving performance for a 90 degrees offset:

ASTAP blind solver performance for a 90 degrees offset.

Solving a 50 seconds exposed monochrome image of M16, 2328x1760 pixels covering a field of 1.75 x 1.32° starting 90 degrees more north. Database used D50


Maximum stars set Astrometric solving  time
500 23.8 sec.
300 9.8 sec
200 6.7 sec
1004.8 sec


Reducing the "maximum number of stars to use" will result in a faster solving but also an increased risk of solve failure.


Usage as a PlateSolve2 substitute

ASTAP is command line compatible with Platesolve2. For older programs not supporting ASTAP you could rename the executable astap.exe to platesolve2.exe as a replacement. The star database files should be at the same location as the platesolve2.exe executable.

E.g. for older SGP versions:

The orginal PlateSolve2.exe is located at C:\Users\you\AppData\Local\SequenceGenerator\     Where "you" is your user name.  You can access this directory also directly by %LOCALAPPDATA%\SequenceGenerator

  1. Install ASTAP and additional install the star database in the same directory. Typical c:\program files\astap
  2. Copy or move the astap.exe  and all files with extension .1476  to C:\Users\you\AppData\Local\SequenceGenerator\
  3. Rename the original Platesolve2.exe to something like PlateSolve2ORG.exe
  4. Rename ASTAP.exe to PlateSolve2.exe
  5. Test it with SGP. The confidence will be always 999. No PlateSolve2 window will be shown.

For older Voyager version the original PlateSolve2.exe is located at  C:\Program Files (x86)\Voyager 

Solving should be reliable. In case of failure, have a look to conditions required for solving.

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Installation of the external Astrometry.net solver:

MS-Windows:

Install a local copy of Astrometry.net (via ANSVR  or  Astrotortilla)   as the astrometric solver. Or alternatively if you have Win10, 64 bit Creation edition you use the new Linux sub-system


ANSVR: The ANSVR link contains a newer compilation of astrometry.net made for SGP. It runs as a Linux program under Cygwin in MSWindows. Follow up to installation step 9. The link you have to put in ASTAP is as follows:

C:\Users\user_name\AppData\Local\cygwin_ansvr\bin\bash.exe     

Adapt "user_name" to the login name used in Windows.

The server program ANSVR is not required. Remove the ANSVR shortcut in the startup menu. Location:

C:\Users\user_name\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup


Alternative Linux sub-system in Win10 64bit Creators edition

Path for the astrometry.net solver program
ANSVR installation:
    C:\Users\user_name\AppData\Local\cygwin_ansvr\bin\bash.exe
Astrotortilla installation:
    C:\cygwin\bin\bash.exe
Win10 subsystem:
    C:\Windows\System32\bash.exe


Linux installation:
The single executable astap could be used anywhere. Standard directory could be c:/opt/astap but also at your home folder.

If you want to use  astrometry.net  this is described at installation. To get the Astrometry.net solver type: sudo apt-get install libcairo2-dev libnetpbm10-dev netpbm libpng-dev libjpeg-dev python-numpy python-pyfits python-dev zlib1g-dev libbz2-dev swig libcfitsio-dev   You also have to download index files.

Path to the astrometry.net solver program "solve-field" could be:

/usr/bin/
or
/usr/local/astrometry/bin



Appendix 1, the stack process:

The stacking process for one shot color color camera's will be mathematically executed as follows:

The master flat is calculated as:

master flat: = (1/n ∑ [flats] - 1/n ∑ [flat darks] )

Where a bias image could be used as flat-dark image. The master flat should be averaged by a 2x2mean to remove Bayer matrix artifacts.

Each image is calculated as:

(image- {1/n∑ [darks]} ) / master flat

Then the Bayer matrix is applied and finally the images are stacked in mode average or sigma clipped.

So for average stack:

final image:= 1/n ∑ Bayer(image)

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Appendix 2, Why use flat-darks

The main reason why you have to use flat-darks or bias frames is that they provide a pedestal so a fixed value to the flat routine. The same pedestal value which is present in the flat. This is typical a pixel value of something around 500 to 1000. Without this value the flat compensation will not work properly, and the darker corners of the light frame(s) will be under compensated.

This can be visualised with a simple X, Y diagram. The green part of the value is due to the light exposure. Blue is the pedestal value. If the flat-dark is included (subtracted) the intensity at the corners of the sensor drops to 40000/50000 equals 80%. If no flat-dark is included, then the measured intensity drop will be 41000/51000 equals 80.3%. This will result in an under compensation by the flat routine and the corners of the stack will be a little darker than the center. So use flat-darks or bias frames for best flat correction.

Some cameras behave a little weird in the first second. For those it could be better to use the same exposure time for the flat-dark as for the flat.  A bias is a flat-dark with an exposure time 0 or about zero. For most cameras you will not notice the difference between using either a bias or flat-dark. 

The dark temperature should be about equal as the the light temperature. Calibration with a master dark of a lower temperature gives a poorer result then calibration with a master dark of equal temperature. See test results below:


Back to index



Appendix 3, the 1476 and 001 star database format:

The 1476 format:

The .1476 format divides the sky in 1476 area's and 1476 corresponding files with the extension .1476. The 1476 areas have a minimum width or diameter of 90°/17.5 equals 5.143°.  The boundaries are defined by constant α and δ values. For the similar 290 file format see the HNSKY help file

Each star is stored in a record of 5 bytes. The files start 'with a 110 byte header containing a textual description and the record size binary stored in byte 110.  
The RA values are stored as a 3 bytes word. The DEC positions are stored as a two's complement (=standard), three bytes integer. The resolution of this three byte storage will be for RA: 360*60*60/((256*256*256)-1) = 0.077 arc seconds. For the DEC value it will be: 90*60*60/((128*256*256)-1) = 0.039 arc seconds.  The stars are sorted on magnitude and the magnitude is stored in a byte of the special preceding header with an offset to make all values positive.

  Example of star Sirius RA and DEC position:
  The RA position is stored as C3 06 48 equals: (195 +6*256 +72*256*256)*24/((256*256*256)-1)=6.75247662 hours equals: 6:45:8.9
  The DEC position is stored as D7 39 E8, equals: 215 57 -24. The DEC is then (215 +57*256 -24*256*256)*90/((128*256*256)-1)=-16.7161401 degrees equals -16d 42 58

Record format:

The 1476-5 or 290-5, short record size of 5 bytes for one star without designation used for the G05, D05, D20,D50:

    type
      hnskyhdr1476 = packed record
        ra7  : byte;
        ra8  : byte;
        ra9  : byte;
        dec7 : byte;
        dec8 : byte;{magnitude and dec9 are written once in preceding header-record}
      end;

The 1476-6 or 290-6, short record size of 6 bytes for one star without designation: used for the V50
    type
      hnskyhdr1476 = packed record
        ra7  : byte;
        ra8  : byte;
        ra9  : byte;
        dec7 : byte;
        dec8 : byte;{magnitude and dec9 are written once in preceding header-record}
        B_R  : shortint;{Gaia Bp-Rp} 
      end;




Stars are sorted from bright to faint in the "0.1" steps. Within the magnitude range, the stars are additional sorted in DEC. For a series of stars with the same DEC9 value, a header-record is preceding containing the DEC9 value stored at location DEC7. Since the stars are already sorted in 36 declination bands, the number of DEC9 values is already limited by a factor 36.

1476-5 header-record example: FF FF FF 20 06 This indicates the following records have a DEC9 value of 20 -128 offset and a magnitude of (06 - 16)/10 equals -1.0 (new method, +16 offset).

The shorter records methods become only space efficient for very large star collection of a few million stars. In these large collections many stars can be found with the same magnitude and DEC9 shortint. The Gaia database is  issued in the 1476-5 format of 5 bytes per star or 1476-6 of 6 bytes per star (V50). An older format 290-5 is used for larger field of view (G05. Thes 290 areas are documented in the HNSKY planetarium program help file.

So the record sequence will be as follows:

header-record {new section will start with a different magnitude and dec9}
record
record
record
record
header-record  {new section will start with a different magnitude and dec9}
record
record


The 1476 areas: Each ring is divided by lines of constant RA such that the minimum width in RA is about 5 degrees (deltaRA*cos(DEC)

.
Declination minimum   Declination maximum Ring RA cells  RA step north[degr] RA step distance south[degr] DEC stepFiles
 -90.00000000  -87.42857143   0-1 1                       0101.1476                                    
-87.42857143 -82.28571429  1-2 3 5.38377964 16.10799190  -2.57142857  {=90/(2*17.5)}0201.1476, 0202.1476, 0203.1476
-82.28571429 -77.14285714  2-3 9 5.36933063 8.90083736    -5.14285714  {=90/17.5}0301.1476,  . . . . . , 0309.1476
-77.14285714 -72.00000000  3-4 15 5.34050241 7.41640786  -5.14285714  {=90/17.5}0401.1476,  . . . . . , 0415.1476
-72.00000000 -66.85714286  4-5 21 5.29743419 6.73757197  -5.142857140501.1476,  . . . . . , 0521.1476
-66.85714286 -61.71428571  5-6 27 5.24033376 6.31824883  -5.1428571406 . . .
-61.71428571 -56.57142857  6-7 33 5.16947632 6.00978525  -5.1428571407 . . .
-56.57142857 -51.42857143  7-8 38 5.21902403 5.90674549  -5.1428571408 . . .
-51.42857143 -46.28571429  8-9 43 5.21991462 5.78564078  -5.1428571409 . . .
-46.28571429 -41.14285714  9-10 48 5.18296987 5.64803600  -5.1428571410 . . .
-41.14285714 -36.00000000  10-11 52 5.21357169 5.60088688  -5.1428571411 . . .
-36.00000000 -30.85714286  11-12 56 5.20082354 5.51859939  -5.1428571412 . . .
-30.85714286 -25.71428571  12-13 60 5.15069276 5.40581321  -5.1428571413 . . .
-25.71428571 -20.57142857  13-14 63 5.14839353 5.34991355  -5.1428571414 . . .
-20.57142857 -15.42857143  14-15 65 5.18530082 5.33887123  -5.1428571415 . . .
-15.42857143 -10.28571429  15-16 67 5.17950194 5.28678585  -5.1428571416 . . .
-10.28571429 -5.14285714  16-17 68 5.20903900 5.27280509  -5.1428571417 . . .
-5.14285714 0.00000000  17-18 69 5.19638762 5.21739130  -5.1428571418 . . .
0.00000000 5.14285714  18-19 69 5.21739130 5.19638762  -5.1428571419 . . .
5.14285714 10.28571429  19-20 68 5.27280509 5.20903900  -5.1428571420 . . .
10.28571429 15.42857143    20-21 67 5.28678585 5.17950194  -5.1428571421 . . .
15.42857143 20.57142857  21-22 65 5.33887123 5.18530082  -5.1428571422 . . .
20.57142857 25.71428571  22-23 63 5.34991355 5.14839353  -5.1428571423 . . .
25.71428571 30.85714286  23-24 60 5.40581321 5.15069276  -5.1428571424 . . .
30.85714286 36.00000000  24-25 56 5.51859939 5.20082354  -5.1428571425 . . .
36.00000000 41.14285714  25-26 52 5.60088688 5.21357169  -5.1428571426 . . .
41.14285714 46.28571429  26-27 48 5.64803600 5.18296987  -5.1428571427 . . .
46.28571429 51.42857143  27-28 43 5.78564078 5.21991462  -5.1428571428 . . .
51.42857143 56.57142857  28-29 38 5.90674549 5.21902403  -5.1428571429 . . .
56.57142857 61.71428571  29-30 33 6.00978525 5.16947632  -5.1428571430 . . .
61.71428571 66.85714286  30-31 27 6.31824883 5.24033376  -5.1428571431 . . .
66.85714286 72.00000000  31-32 21 6.73757197 5.29743419  -5.1428571432 . . .
72.00000000 77.14285714  32-33 15 7.41640786 5.34050241  -5.1428571433 . . .
77.14285714 82.28571429  33-34 9 8.90083736 5.36933063  -5.1428571434 . . .
82.28571429 87.42857143  34-35 3 16.10799190 5.38377964  -5.142857143501.1476, 3502.1476, 3503.1476
87.42857143 90.00000000  36-37 1 3601.1476

The 1476 areas:


South pole view of the 1476 areas:



The 001 format:

For wide field the stars are stored in a single file w08.001 down to magnitude 8.  The stars are sorted from bright to faint. The file starts with a 4 byte integer specifying the number of records=stars and has for the W08 value 41246. Each star is stored in a record of three singles (4 byte floats). Starting with magnitude [x10] then  RA [radians]  and finally DEC[radians]. So the data is written as the following array (first star is Sirius):

  star_array : array[0..41264,0..2] of single =    //all stars up to magnitude 8
  (
  (  -15    ,    1.767725252    ,   -0.291899504   ),
  (   -6    ,    1.675309906    ,   -0.919709903   ),
  (    0    ,    4.873596766    ,    0.676937966   ),
  (    0    ,    3.837100429    ,   -1.061694783   ),
  (    0    ,    3.73338603     ,    0.334553937   ),
  (    1    ,    1.381830995    ,    0.802764629   ),
  (    3    ,    1.372430608    ,   -0.143145706   ),
  (    4    ,    2.003995701    ,    0.091067934   ),
 

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Appendix 4, FITS header keywords read for solving

The following FITS header keywords are read to determine the initial celestial position for the solver search and the field of view:

Celestial position Keyword Unit Description Source
RA degrees or hh:mm:ss Telescope pointing RA  input
DEC degrees or dd:mm:ss Telescope pointing DEC input
OBJCTRA hh:mm:ss RA of object being imaged input
OBJCTDEC dd:mm:ss DEC of object being imaged input
CRVAL1 degrees RA of reference pixel solver output
CRVAL2 degrees DEC of reference pixel solver output
Field of view SECPIX1 arcsec/pixel X pixel size input
SECPIX2 arcsec/pixel Y pixel size input
SCALE arcsec/pixel Pixel size input
PIXSCALE arcsec/pixel Pixel size input
FOCALLEN meter input
XPIXSZ μm X pixel scale in microns. Includes binning. input
YPIXSZ μm Y pixel scale in microns. Includes binning. input
CDELT1 deg/pixel X pixel size solver output
CDELT2 deg/pixel Y pixel size solver output
CD keywords deg/pixel The four solution keywords solver output


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 SIP
polynomial coefficients:

The ASTAP solver can add 3th order SIP polynomial coefficients to the header to cope with image distortion.

Adding SIP coefficients ensures accurate positional information of celestial objects and to facilitate precise image stitching. Astronomical images often suffer from barrel distortion, where stars near the edges appear to move outward from the center of the image. SIP (Simple Image Polynomial) coefficients provide a polynomial model to represent this distortion. This model mathematically describes how the actual positions of stars (or other celestial objects) in the image deviate from their ideal positions on a distortion-free plane. The SIP correction can be tested with the option "Show distortion". The SIP option can be set in the tab alignment and can also be activated by a command-line parameter. The astap_cli command-line version can also add SIP coefficients.

External link:

Developer information: Using SIP Coefficients for optical distortion correction





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Succes,  Han  K


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